Table 3 Multilevel binary logistic regression model identifying factors affecting incomplete immunization in Pakistan, PDHS (2017–18)

Place of Delivery (ref. = Home)

 Health Facility

––-

0.41

(0.28–0.62)*

0.52

(0.32–0.84)*

––

––

0.51

(0.32–0.83)*

Gender of Child (ref. = Male)

 Female

––-

1.43

(1.04—1.97)*

1.45

(1.05–2.01)*

––

––

1.44

( 1.04–1.99)*

Mother Occupation (ref. = Not working)

 Working

––-

1.04

(0.58—1.87)

0.80

(0.44–1.48)

––

––

0.92

(0.50–1.70)

Father Educational Level (ref. = Not educated)

 Educated

––-

0.44

(0.29 – 0.68)*

0.70

(0.45–1.09)

––

––

0.69

(0.43–1.08)

Antenatal Visits (ref. = Less than 4 visits)

 4 or more visits

––-

0.44

(0.30–0.64)*

0.78

(0.52–1.17)

––

––

0.80

(0.54–1.20)

Gender of Household Head(ref. = Male)

 Female

––-

0.53

(0.28—1.01)*

0.47

(0.24–0.94)*

––

––

0.53

(0.27–1.05)

Media Exposure (ref. = No)

 Yes

––-

0.39

(0.25—0.60)*

0.59

(0.38–0.90)*

––

––

0.65

(0.42–1.01)

Mother Educational Level (ref. = Not educated)

 Educated

––-

0.30

( 0.20—0.46)*

0.42

(0.28–0.64)*

––

––

0.52

(0.34–0.79)*

Mother Age (ref. = 15–24)

 25–34

––-

1.08

(0.78—1.50)

1.10

(0.73–1.66)

––

––

1.18

(0.77–1.79)

 35–49

––-

1.28

(0.75—2.20)

0.90

(0.44–1.84)

––

––

0.95

(0.46–1.96)

Birth Order (ref. = 1–3)

 4–6

––-

1.16

(0.77–1.74)

0.97

(0.58–1.60)

––-

––-

0.94

(0.57–1.57)

 >  = 7

––-

2.51

(1.43–4.41)*

1.60

(0.77–3.31)

––-

––-

1.40

(0.67–2.93)

Region (ref. = Punjab)

 Sindh

––-

5.22

(2.99—9.14)

––

––-

5.77

(3.28–10.16)*

4.88

(2.75–8.63)*

 KPK

––-

4.30

(2.25—8.22)

––

––-

4.06

(2.13–7.72)*

3.41

(1.85–6.29)*

 Balochistan

––-

21.81

(10.44 -45.57)

––

––-

22.02

(10.58–45.85)*

10.94

(5.08–23.58)*

 ICT

––-

2.82

(1.48—5.39)

––

––-

3.04

(1.50–6.14)*

4.12

(2.15–7.92)*

 FATA

––-

24.30

(10.60 -55.69)

––

––-

19.30

(8.39–44.37)*

11.19

(4.89–25.6)*

Type of Place of Residence (ref. = Urban)

 Rural

––-

2.14

(1.34—3.41)

––

––-

1.98

(1.27–3.07)*

1.08

(0.66–1.75)

  Random Effects

3.18

––-

2.27

2.18

1.80

  Random Intercept Variance

0.05

––-

0.68

0.03

0.27

  AIC

2123.92

––-

1765.75

2038.35

1717.40

  BIC

2134.99

––-

1841.52

2082.64

1825.64

  ICC

0.49

––-

0.41

0.39

0.35