Table 7 List of constructs and items

Affective Risk Perception

ARP1

I have concerns about the possibility of contracting COVID-19

Brug et al. [14]

ARP2

I have concerns regarding the potential contraction of COVID-19 by my family members

ARP3

I have concerns about the occurrence of COVID-19 in my region

ARP4

I have concerns about the emergence of COVID-19 as a health concern

Cognitive Risk Perception

CRP1

The probability of contracting COVID-19 is significantly higher compared to other diseases

Brug et al. [14]

CRP2

The likelihood of mortality from COVID-19 is high

Social Distancing Attitude

SDA1

In my perspective, implementing social distancing measures will have a positive effect on controlling the spread of COVID-19

Afe and Ogunsemi [2], Azodo and Ogbebor [7], and Williams et al. [65]

SDA2

The utilization of social distancing is advantageous for patient care

SDA3

I find the implementation of social distancing for COVID-19 control to be intriguing

Social Distancing Intention

SDI1

I intend to practice social distancing when it proves effective in preventing COVID-19

Williams et al. [65], Fong et al. [28]

SDI2

I have the intention to utilize social distancing when it is necessary to achieve favorable outcomes in avoiding COVID-19

SDI3

I am committed to practicing social distancing for the well-being of both myself and others

Social Isolation

SIS1

I felt alone and friendless during social distancing/lockdown

Raza et al. [51]

SIS2

I felt isolated from other people during social distancing/lockdown

SIS3

I do not have someone to share my feelings with during social distancing/lockdown

SIS4

I found it difficult to get in touch with others when I needed others to feel they had to help me during social distancing/lockdown