Skip to main content

Table 3 Associations of individual-, city- and sub-city-level education, with hypertension in 230 cities in Latin America

From: Gender differences in the association of individual and contextual socioeconomic status with hypertension in 230 Latin American cities from the SALURBAL study: a multilevel analysis

Individual, city, and sub-city characteristicsa

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

OR (95%CI)

OR (95%CI)

OR (95%CI)

OR (95%CI)

Women (N = 63,126)

 Individual-level education

  Less than primary

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  Primary

0.99 (0.93-1.06)

0.99 (0.92-1.06)

0.99 (0.92-1.06)

0.98 (0.92-1.05)

  Secondary

0.76 (0.70-0.82)

0.75 (0.70-0.81)

0.75 (0.70-0.81)

0.76 (0.70-0.82)

  University or higher

0.67 (0.61-0.74)

0.66 (0.60-0.73)

0.66 (0.60-0.73)

0.67 (0.61-0.74)

 City-level education

0.98 (0.93-1.04)

 

0.95 (0.89-1.01)

 

 Sub-city-level education

 

1.04 (1.01-1.08)

1.05 (1.01-1.10)

1.07 (1.02-1.12)

 Argentina, Central America, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico

  City-level education

-

-

-

1.01 (0.94-1.08)

 Peru

  City-level education

   

0.79 (0.64-0.97)

 Intercept variance (SE) (city)

0.0362 (0.1904)

0.0373 (0.1931)

0.0354 (0.1884)

0.0641 (0.2533)

 Intercept variance (SE) (sub-city)

0.0262 (0.1622)

0.0241 (0.1555)

0.0258 (0.1608)

0.0272 (0.1652)

Men (N = 46,058)

 Individual-level education

  Less than primary

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  Primary

1.51 (1.37-1.66)

1.49 (1.36-1.64)

1.50 (1.36-1.65)

1.48 (1.35-1.63)

  Secondary

1.59 (1.43-1.76)

1.56 (1.40-1.73)

1.56 (1.40-1.73)

1.58 (1.42-1.75)

  University or higher

1.68 (1.49-1.88)

1.63 (1.45-1.83)

1.63 (1.45-1.83)

1.65 (1.47-1.86)

 City-level education

0.98 (0.92-1.04)

 

0.92 (0.85-0.99)

 

 Sub-city-level education

 

1.06 (1.01-1.12)

1.09 (1.03-1.16)

1.11 (1.05-1.18)

 Argentina, Central America, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico

  City-level education

-

-

-

1.00 (0.92-1.10)

 Peru

  City-level education

-

-

-

0.77 (0.59-0.99)

 Intercept variance (SE) (city)

0.0221 (0.1487)

0.0270 (0.1644)

0.0213 (0.1460)

0.1001 (0.3164)

 Intercept variance (SE) (sub-city)

0.0233 (0.1528)

0.0154 (0.1244)

0.0191 (0.1384)

0.0250 (0.1582)

  1. Combinations of the main effect of city-level education and the interaction coefficient were used to derive estimates for different countries
  2. Model 1: Individual- and city-level education, adjusted for country-fixed effect. Model 2: Individual- and sub-city-level education, adjusted for country-fixed effect. Model 3: Individual-, sub-city- and city-level education, adjusted for country-fixed effect. Model 4: Model 3 and an interaction term between city-level education and different country groups (p-value for interaction in women = 0.004 and men = 0.012)
  3. Bold values have a p-value < 0.05
  4. Ref. Reference group, OR Odds Ratio, 95%CI 95% confidence intervals, SE Standard error
  5. aAll models were adjusted for individual age. City- and sub-city-level education (educational attainment score) was standardized to a mean of 0 and a standard deviation (SD) of 1. The OR is estimated for a 1 SD (0.30847) and (0.24469) difference in sub-city- and city-educational attainment scores, respectively
Back to article page

BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

Contact us