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Table 2 Path estimates (standardized) from cross-lagged models for own and peer e-cigarette use. Data from PATH youth surveys wave 2 to wave 5 (2014 to 2019)

From: Mutual pathways between peer and own e-cigarette use among youth in the United States: a cross-lagged model

 

All

Early adolescents (12–14-year-olds)

Late adolescents (15–17-year-olds)

n = 13,074

Female (n = 4488)

Male (n = 4814)

Female (n = 1792)

Male (n = 1942)

 

Time

β

95% CI

β

95% CI

β

95% CI

β

95% CI

β

95% CI

Autoregressive paths

 Own e-cigarette use

1 to 2

0.16

0.14 to 0.19

0.14

0.07, 0.20

0.15

0.10, 0.19

0.18

0.11, 0.25

0.20

0.14, 0.26

2 to 3

0.59

0.51 to 0.68

0.45

0.21, 0.69

0.65

0.53, 0.77

0.54

0.35, 0.73

0.51

0.31, 0.72

3 to 4

0.71

0.63 to 0.79

0.67

0.56, 0.79

0.69

0.59, 0.80

    

4 to 5

0.71

0.62 to 0.80

0.67

0.52, 0.82

0.72

0.60, 0.84

    

 Peer e-cigarette use

1 to 2

0.48

0.46 to 0.50

0.46

0.42, 0.49

0.43

0.40, 0.46

0.45

0.40, 0.50

0.46

0.42, 0.51

2 to 3

0.66

0.60 to 0.72

0.79

0.57, 1.01

0.70

0.61, 0.79

0.42

0.27, 0.57

0.61

0.45, 0.78

3 to 4

0.61

0.48 to 0.74

0.48

0.31, 0.64

0.64

0.51, 0.76

    

4 to 5

0.69

0.62 to 0.77

0.69

0.56, 0.82

0.70

0.59, 0.81

    

Prediction paths

 Peer e-cigarette use predicting own e-cigarette use

1 to 2

0.29

0.26 to 0.32

0.22

0.16, 0.28

0.23

0.18, 0.29

0.31

0.22, 0.39

0.29

0.22, 0.35

2 to 3

0.21

0.13 to 0.29

0.34

0.13, 0.55

0.17

0.06, 0.29

0.19

-0.01, 0.38

0.20

0.03, 0.38

3 to 4

0.12

0.03 to 0.21

0.15

0.03, 0.27

0.13

0.01, 0.25

    

4 to 5

0.10

0.01 to 0.19

0.13

-0.03, 0.29

0.11

-0.03, 0.24

    

 Own e-cigarette use predicting peer e-cigarette use

1 to 2

0.06

0.03 to 0.09

0.06

0.01, 0.10

0.04

-0.00, 0.09

0.04

-0.03, 0.10

0.14

0.09, 0.19

2 to 3

0.08

-0.01 to 0.16

-0.16

-0.45, 0.13

0.02

-0.14, 0.18

0.38

0.20, 0.56

0.03

-0.20, 0.27

3 to 4

0.15

-0.04 to 0.33

0.34

0.13, 0.55

0.08

-0.11, 0.26

    

4 to 5

-0.03

-0.15 to 0.09

0.01

-0.17, 0.18

-0.06

-0.23, 0.11

    
  1. Bold font indicates statistical significance at 0.05 level