Table 3 Associations of clustering patterns of diet, PA and sedentary behaviours with CVD and health-related fitness in children, adolescents, and young adults (n = 5)
Authors (Year) | Clusters summary | Health outcomes | Method of analysis | Covariates | Sex-stratified associations | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Children (n = 2) | ||||||
Bel-Serrat et al., (2013) [69] | C1. Physically active ↑PA ↓FV ↓SSB ↓TV C2. Sedentary ↓PA ↓FV ↓SSB ↑TV C3. Physically active and sedentary (boys) ↑PA ↓FV ↓SSB ↑TV C3. High beverage consumption (girls) ↓PA ↓FV ↑SSB ↓TV C4. Healthy diet ↓PA ↑FV ↓SSB ↓TV C5. Low beverage consumption and low sedentary ↓PA ↓FV ↓SSB ↓TV | Individual CVD risk factors (sum two skinfolds, SBP, HOMA index, ratio TC/HDL-C, and TG) and age- and sex-specific CVD risk score | Multiple linear regression | Parental socio-economic status and study centre | Yes | G in C2 and B in C3 + HOMA B in C2 + sum of two skinfolds B in C4 + ratio TC/HDL-c B in C1 to C4 + SBP B in Cs 2,3, and 4 + CVD risk |
Drenowatz et al., (2012) [43] | C1. Low PA/high ST/low diet ↓MVPA ↓DQ ↑ST C2. Low PA/high ST/high diet ↓MVPA ↑DQ ↑ST C3. High PA/low ST/low diet ↑MVPA ↓DQ ↓ST C4. High PA/low ST/high diet ↑MVPA ↑DQ ↓ST | CVD risk score | ANCOVA | Sex and total caloric intake | No | 0 |
Adolescents (n = 3) | ||||||
Cuenca-GarcÃa et al., (2013) [63] | C1. Healthy diet and active ↑MVPA ↑DQ ↓ST ~ SBHW C2. Healthy diet and academic  ~ MVPA ↑DQ ~ ST ↑SBHW C3. Healthy diet and inactive ↓MVPA ~ DQ ~ ST ~ SBHW C4. Unhealthy diet and screen user  ~ MVPA ↓DQ ↑ST ~ SBHW C5. Unhealthy diet and active ↑MVPA ↓DQ ~ ST ~ SBHW | Health-related fitness (20-m shuttle run z-score, handgrip strength z-score, standing broad jump z-score, and shuttle run 4 × 10 m z-score) | ANOVA | –- | Yes | B in C1 + aerobic capacity and speed-agility G in C1 + aerobic capacity, muscular strength, and speed-agility B in C1 + aerobic capacity than C2, C3, C4, and C5 and + speed-agility than B in C4 B in C4 - aerobic capacity than other Cs (worst) G in C1 + aerobic capacity, muscular strength, and speed-agility than C2, C3, and C4 G in C4 - lower-body muscular strength and speed-agility than C5 (worst) Active adolescents in C1 and C5 had statistically significant differences on aerobic capacity despite an equal z-score on MVPA (higher) and an unequal z-score on DQ (high in C1 and low in C5) |
Hartz et al., (2018) [44] | C 1B ↑MVPA ↑DQ ↓SB C 2B ↓MVPA ↓DQ ↓SB C 3B ↓MVPA ↑DQ ↑SB C 1A ↑MVPA ↑DQ ↑SB C 2A ↓MVPA ↑DQ ↓SB C 3A ↓MVPA ↓DQ ↑SB | Cardiorespiratory fitness | Multivariate linear regression | Accelerometer wear time, BMI, age, race, and PIR | Yes | C 3B - VO2 max |
Magalhães et al., (2022) [58] | Late/on time maturing adolescents C1 ↑PA ↑FV C2 ↓PA ↓FV ↓UHF ↓ST C3 ↑PA ↑UHF ↑ST Early maturing adolescents C1 ↓PA ↓UHF ↓ST C2 ↑PA ↑UHF ↑ST | Metabolic risk score | Crude linear regression | Age and chronological age | No | C1 in early maturing adolescents + metabolic risk score in comparison with C2 |