Table 1 The prevalence of clustering patterns of diet, PA and sedentary behaviours in children, adolescents, and young adults (n = 49)
Authors (Year) | Clusters summary and n identified | Prevalence | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total sample | Stratified prevalence | ||||
Sex | SES | Age | |||
Children (n = 10) |  | ||||
Bell et al., (2016) [62] | C1 ↑PA ↑FV ↓DISF ↓ST (n = 1) | C1 0.7% | C1 ↑ B | C1 ↑ H SES | C1 ↑ 10 years or older |
Bel-Serrat et al., (2019) [65] | C1. Physically active and healthy diet ↑VPA ↑FV ↓CSD ↓ST C2. Healthy diet ↑FV ↓CSD *C1 and C2 were observed in all four groups C3. Physically active ↑VPA * Cluster 3 was observed in East Europe, South Europe/Mediterranean countries and West-Central Asia C4. Physically active and sedentary ↑VPA ↑ST * Cluster 4 only emerged in the North European countries C5. Sedentary and physically inactive ↓VPA ↑ST * North Europe, South Europe/Mediterranean countries and West-Central Asia C6. Low beverage intake, low sedentary and physically inactive ↓VPA ↓FV ↓CSD ↓ST *Cluster 6 was present in all the groups except in North Europe C7. High beverage intake and F&V intake ↑FV ↑CSD * Cluster 7 was present in both North Europe and West-Central Asia C8. Sedentary, physically inactive and healthy diet ↓VPA ↑FV ↓CSD ↑ST *Cluster 8 was emerged in North European countries C9. High beverage intake, sedentary and physically inactive ↓VPA ↑CSD ↑ST *Cluster 9 comprised in the North European and East European countries C10. Sedentary and physically active ↑VPA ↑ST *Cluster 10 was observed in East Europe only C11. High beverage intake, sedentary and physically active ↑VPA ↑CSD ↑ST *Cluster 11 was emerged in both East Europe and in South Europe/Mediterranean countries C12. Sedentary, physically active and healthy diet ↑VPA ↑FV ↓CSD ↑ST * Cluster 12 was specific to South Europe/Mediterranean countries C13. Physically active, high beverage intake, sedentary and high F&V intake ↑VPA ↑FV ↑CSD ↑ST *Cluster 13 was only observed in West-Central Asia (n = 13) | Total North Europe C1 (21.3%) C2 (29.7%) C4 (9.0%) C5 (14.0%) C7 (11.7%) C8 (11.1%) C9 (3.2%) East Europe C1 (23.4%) C2 (17.1%) C3 (16.3%) C6 (14.4%) C9 (6.4%) C10 (11.5%) C11 (11.0%) South Europe/Mediterranean countries C1 (13.6%) C2 (24.9%) C3 (12.8%) C5 (9.8%) C6 (19.7%) C12 (8.4%) C11 (10.8%) West-Central Asia C1 (15.0%) C2 (17.6%) C3 (12.7%) C5 (10.7%) C6 (16.1%) C7 (14.6%) C13 (13.3%) | Boys North Europe C1 (52.1%) C2 (44.1%) C4 (54.4%) C5 (50.8%) C7 (54.6%) C8 (63.8%) C9 (61.4%) East Europe C1 (48.4%) C2 (45.2%) C3 (51.8%) C6 (48.6%) C9 (50.8%) C10 (53.9%) C11 (54.8%) South Europe/Mediterranean countries C1 (52.8%) C2 (46.4%) C3 (54.5%) C5 (49.9%) C6 (47.6%) C12 (52.0%) C11 (52.9%) West-Central Asia C1 (49.0%) C2 (47.6%) C3 (52.6%) C5 (54.9%) C6 (48.0%) C7 (48.6%) C13 (53.9%) Girls North Europe C1 (47.9%) C2 (55.9%) C4 (45.6%) C5 (49.2%) C7 (45.4%) C8 (36.2%) C9 (38.6%) East Europe C1 (51.6%) C2 (57.8%) C3 (48.2%) C6 (51.4%) C9 (49.2%) C10 (46.1%) C11 (45.2%) South Europe/Mediterranean countries C1 (47.2%) C2 (53.6%) C3 (45.5%) C5 (50.1%) C6 (52.4%) C12 (48.0%) C11 (47.1%) West-Central Asia C1 (51.0%) C2 (52.4%) C3 (47.4%) C5 (45.1%) C6 (52.0%) C7 (51.4%) C13 (46.1%) | NA | NA |
Cameron et al., (2011) [61] | C1. Young physical activity enthusiasts ↑MVPA C2. All-round healthy behaviors ↑FV ↓ED ↓ST C3. Screen time focused ↑MVPA ↑FV ↓ED ↑ST C4. Low on fruit and vegetable and physical activity ↓MVPA ↓FV C5. Energy dense eaters who watch ↑ED ↑ST (n = 5) | 24.2% met the Australian guidelines 10% met none of the Australian guidelines | NA | NA | C1 ↑ younger age |
Elsenburg et al., (2014) [84] | C1. Low physical activity / High screen time / Low fruit and vegetable intake / High MAR ↓MVPA ↓FV ↑MAR ↑ST C2. Low physical activity / High screen time / Low fruit and vegetable intake / Low MAR ↓MVPA ↓FV ↓MAR ↑ST C3. Low physical activity / High screen time / High fruit and vegetable intake / High MAR ↓MVPA ↑FV ↑MAR ↑ST (n = 3) | C1. Low physical activity / High screen time / Low fruit and vegetable intake / High MAR Observed % = 4.42 Expected % = 3.37 O/E (95% CI) = 1.31 (1.04, 1.59) C2. Low physical activity / High screen time / Low fruit and vegetable intake / Low MAR Observed % = 0.75 Expected % = 0.91 O/E (95% CI) = 0.82 (0.38, 1.27) C3. Low physical activity / High screen time / High fruit and vegetable intake / High MAR Observed % = 1.97 Expected % = 2.63 O/E (95% CI) = 0.75 (0.50, 0.99) | NA | NA | NA |
Kunin-Batson et al., (2015) [49] | C1. Physical activity / Screen time / Sugar-sweetened beverage intake / Fruit and vegetable intake ↑MVPA ↑FV ↓SSB ↓ST C2. Physical activity / Screen time / Sugar-sweetened beverage intake ↑MVPA ↓SSB ↓ST C3. Physical activity / Screen time / Fruit and vegetable intake ↑MVPA ↑FV ↓ST (n = 3) | C1. Physical activity / Screen time / Sugar-sweetened beverage intake / Fruit and vegetable intake (2%) C2. Physical activity / Screen time / Sugar-sweetened beverage intake (6%) C3. Physical activity / Screen time / Fruit and vegetable intake (1%) Only 2% met all 4 guidelines 19% met none of the guidelines | NA | NA | NA |
López-Gil et al., (2020) [88] | C1. Cluster 1 ↑MVPA ↑DQ ↑ST C2. Cluster 2 ↓MVPA ↓DQ ↑ST C3. Cluster 3 ↓MVPA ↓DQ ↓ST (n = 3) | C1. Cluster 1 Total (23.8%) C2. Cluster 2 Total (30.0%) C3. Cluster 3 Total (46.2%) | C1. Cluster 1 Boys (70.2%) Girls (29.8%) C2. Cluster 2 Boys (52.3%) Girls (47.7%) C3. Cluster 3 Boys (46.6%) Girls (53.4%) | NA | C2 ↑ oldest age C3 ↑ youngest age |
Pereira et al., (2015) [87] | C1. Low MVPA/high FV/high screen time/high sugar drinks ↓MVPA ↑FV ↑SSB ↑ST C2. Low MVPA/high FV/high screen time/low sugar drinks ↓MVPA ↑FV ↓SSB ↑ST C3. Low MVPA/low FV/ high screen time/high sugar drinks ↓MVPA ↓FV ↑SSB ↑ST (n = 3) | C1. Low MVPA/high FV/high screen time/high sugar drinks fo = 10 fe = 21.44 x2 = 6.10 p-Value = 0.014 C2. Low MVPA/high FV/high screen time/low sugar drinks fo = 9 fe = 21.44 x2 = 7.22 p-Value = 0.007 C3. Low MVPA/low FV/ high screen time/high sugar drinks fo = 3 fe = 21.44 x2 = 15.86 p-Value =  < 0.001 | NA | NA | NA |
Rodenburg et al., (2013) [85] | C1. Unhealthy-food-and-drink-preference ↑UHF ↓HF C2. Active-leisure-time-preferences ↑PA C3. Sedentary-sweetened-drinks-preferences ↑TVCOM ↑SSB (n = 3) | –- | C1 ↓ G C2 ↓ G | NA | C1 ↓ younger age |
Santaliestra-PasÃas et al., (2015) [67] | C1. Cluster 1 ↑PA ↓FV ↓SSB ↓SB C2. Cluster 2 ↓PA ↓FV ↓SSB ↑SB C3. Cluster 3 ↑PA ↓FV ↓SSB ↑SB C4. Cluster 4 ↓PA ↓FV ↑SSB ↓SB C5. Cluster 5 ↓PA ↓FV ↓SSB ↓SB C6. Cluster 6 ↓PA ↑FV ↓SSB ↓SB (n = 6) | –- | C1. Cluster 1 Boys (14%) Girls (14%) C2. Cluster 2 Boys (21%) Girls (22%) C3. Cluster 3 Boys (10%) Girls (13%) C4. Cluster 4 Boys (9%) Girls (9%) C5. Cluster 5 Boys (29%) Girls (25%) C6. Cluster 6 Boys (17%) Girls (17%) | C4 ↑ L SES | C1 and C3 ↑ older age C5 and C6 ↑ younger age |
Yang-Huang et al., (2020) [86] | C1. Relatively healthy lifestyle ↑PA ↓SSB ↓SN ↓ST C2. High screen time and physically inactive ↓PA ↑ST C3. Physically active, high snacks and sugary drinks ↑PA ↑SN ↑SSB (n = 3) | C1. Relatively healthy lifestyle Total (35.6%) C2. High screen time and physically inactive Total (30.0%) C3. Physically active, high snacks and sugary drinks Total (34.4%) | C1. Relatively healthy lifestyle Boys (46.8%) Girls (53.2%) C2. High screen time and physically inactive Boys (51.3%) Girls (48.7%) C3. Physically active, high snacks and sugary drinks Boys (54.1%) Girls (45.9%) | C1 ↑ H SES C2 ↑ L SES L SES (maternal education) OR of 0.28 to be in C1 L SES (maternal education) OR of 1.45 to be in C2 and OR of 2.28 to be in C3 L SES (households income) OR of 0.59 to be in C1 and OR of 1.57 to be in C2 | NA |
Adolescents (n = 30) |  | ||||
Berlin et al., (2017) [48] | C1. Sedentary + Unbalanced Diet ↓PA ↓FV ~ FF ~ ST C2. Active + Healthy Diet ↑PA ↑FV ↓FF ↓ST C3. Screen-time + Recreational Food  ~ PA ~ FV ↑FF ↑ST (n = 3) | C1. Sedentary + Unbalanced Diet Total (48.7%) C2. Active + Healthy Diet Total (42.7%) C3. Screen-time + Recreational Food Total (8.6%) | C1. Sedentary + Unbalanced Diet Boys (47.8%) Girls (52.2%) C2. Active + Healthy Diet Boys (49.6%) Girls (50.4%) C3. Screen-time + Recreational Food Boys (68.2%) Girls (31.8%) | C1 ↑ L SES C3 ↑ L SES | NA |
Cuenca-GarcÃa et al., (2013) [63] | C1. Healthy diet and active ↑MVPA ↑DQ ↓ST ~ SBHW C2. Healthy diet and academic  ~ MVPA ↑DQ ~ ST ↑SBHW C3. Healthy diet and inactive ↓MVPA ~ DQ ~ ST ~ SBHW C4. Unhealthy diet and screen user  ~ MVPA ↓DQ ↑ST ~ SBHW C5. Unhealthy diet and active ↑MVPA ↓DQ ~ ST ~ SBHW (n = 5) | C1. Healthy diet and active Total (15%) C2. Healthy diet and academic Total (19%) C3. Healthy diet and inactive Total (38%) C4. Unhealthy diet and screen user Total (17%) C5. Unhealthy diet and active Total (11%) | C1. Healthy diet and active Boys (17%) Girls (13%) C2. Healthy diet and academic Boys (13%) Girls (23%) C3. Healthy diet and inactive Boys (33%) Girls (43%) C4. Unhealthy diet and screen user Boys (21%) Girls (13%) C5. Unhealthy diet and active Boys (15%) Girls (8%) | NA | C1 and C5 ↑ younger age C4 ↑ older B C2 ↑ older G |
Cureau et al., (2018) [55] | C1 ↓MVPA ↓FIB ↑ST (n = 1) | C1 Total (29.4) | C1 Boys (23.8) Girls (35.1) | NA | NA |
Dantas et al., (2018) [51] | C1. Cluster 1 ↑PA ↓FV ↓SSB ↓SB C2. Cluster 2 ↓PA ↓FV ↓SSB ↑SB C3. Cluster 3 ↑PA ↓FV ↓SSB ↑SB C4. Cluster 4 ↓PA ↓FV ↑SSB ↓SB C5. Cluster 5 ↓PA ↓FV ↓SSB ↓SB C6. Cluster 6 ↓PA ↑FV ↓SSB ↓SB (n = 6) | –- | C1. Cluster 1 Boys (22.0%) Girls (17.9%) C2. Cluster 2 Boys (23.1%) Girls (24.0%) C3. Cluster 3 Boys (15.1%) Girls (15.0%) C4. Cluster 4 Boys (8.6%) Girls (10.2%) C5. Cluster 5 Boys (17.2%) Girls (18.1%) C6. Cluster 6 Boys (14.0%) Girls (14.8%) | C4 ↑ L SES | C1 and C3 ↑ younger age C5 and C6 ↑ older age |
de Mello et al., (2021) [56] | Whole sample C1 ↓PA ↓FV ↑SSS ↑ST C2 ↑PA ↑FV ↓SSS ↑ST Boys C1 ↓PA ↑FV ↑SSS ↑ST C2 ↑PA ↑FV ↓SSS ↑ST Girls C1 ↓PA ↑FV ↑SSS ↑ST C2 ↑PA ↓FV ↑SSS ↑ST (n = 2) | Whole sample C1 56.16% C2 43.84% | Boys C1 49.48% C2 50.52% Girls C1 34.74% C2 65.26% | NA | NA |
de Mello et al., (2022) [57] | C1 ↑PA ↑FV ~ SB C2 ↓PA ↑UHF ↑SB C3 ↓PA ~ FV ~ SB C4 ↓PA ↓FV ↓UHF ~ SB (n = 4) | –- | C2, C3, and C4 ↑ G C1 ↑ B | C2, C3, and C4 in age 11–12 years maternal education was unknown C1, C2, and C4 in age 18–19 years ↓ SES | Age 11–12 years  C1 (27.9%)  C2 (16.5%)  C3 (33.9%)  C4 (21.7%) Age 13–15 years  C1 (23.6%)  C2 (33.9%)  C3 (42.5%) Age 16–17 years  C1 (28.1%)  C2 (28.1%)  C3 (43.8%) Age 18–19 years  C1 (21.3%)  C2 (43.7%)  C4 (35%) |
Foltz et al., (2011) [47] | C1 ↑MVPA ↑FV ↓SSB ↓ST (n = 1) | C1 Total (0.4%) | C1 Boys (0.5%) Girls (0.4%) | ↓ SES less likely to meet all guidelines | NA |
Hardy et al., (2012) [25] | C1. Low fruit /vegetable intake / Low physical activity / High screen time / High soft drink intake / High snack intake ↓MVPA ↓FV ↑SN ↑CSD ↑ST C2. Low fruit /vegetable intake / Low physical activity / High screen time / High soft drink intake ↓MVPA ↓FV ↑CSD ↑ST C3. Low fruit /vegetable intake / Low physical activity / High screen time / High snack intake ↓MVPA ↓FV ↑SN ↑ST C4. Low physical activity / High screen time / High soft drink intake / High snack intake ↓MVPA ↑SN ↑CSD ↑ST C5. Low fruit /vegetable intake / Low physical activity / High screen time ↓MVPA ↓FV ↑ST C6. Low physical activity / High screen time / High snack intake ↓MVPA ↑SN ↑ST C7. Low physical activity / High screen time / High soft drink intake ↓MVPA ↑CSD ↑ST (n = 7) | –- | Boys C1. Low fruit /vegetable intake / Low physical activity / High screen time / High soft drink intake / High snack intake Observed % = 6.9 Expected % = 2.7 O/E (95%CI) = 2.6 (1.9 – 3.6) C2. Low fruit /vegetable intake / Low physical activity / High screen time / High soft drink intake Observed % = 4.2 Expected % = 3.3 O/E (95%CI) = 1.3 (0.8 – 2.0) C3. Low fruit /vegetable intake / Low physical activity / High screen time / High snack intake Observed % = 3.8 Expected % = 5.3 O/E (95%CI) = 0.7 (0.5 – 1.0) C4. Low physical activity / High screen time / High soft drink intake / High snack intake Observed % = 4.2 Expected % = 3.1 O/E (95%CI) = 1.4 (0.7 – 2.5) C5. Low fruit /vegetable intake / Low physical activity / High screen time Observed % = 7.2 Expected % = 6.5 O/E (95%CI) = 1.1 (0.8 – 1.6) C6. Low physical activity / High screen time / High snack intake Observed % = 4.9 Expected % = 6.2 O/E (95%CI) = 0.8 (0.5 – 1.2) C7. Low physical activity / High screen time / High soft drink intake Observed % = 2.5 Expected % = 3.8 O/E (95%CI) = 0.7 (0.4 – 1.1) Girls C1. Low fruit /vegetable intake / Low physical activity / High screen time / High soft drink intake / High snack intake Observed % = 3.7 Expected % = 1.4 O/E (95%CI) = 2.6 (1.2 – 5.4) C2. Low fruit /vegetable intake / Low physical activity / High screen time / High soft drink intake Observed % = 2.6 Expected % = 2.1 O/E (95%CI) = 1.2 (0.7 – 2.2) C3. Low fruit /vegetable intake / Low physical activity / High screen time / High snack intake Observed % = 6.6 Expected % = 4.3 O/E (95%CI) = 1.5 (1.2 – 2.0) C4. Low physical activity / High screen time / High soft drink intake / High snack intake Observed % = 3.1 Expected % = 2.2 O/E (95%CI) = 1.4 (0.9 – 2.2) C5. Low fruit /vegetable intake / Low physical activity / High screen time Observed % = 6.0 Expected % = 6.4 O/E (95%CI) = 0.9 (0.7 – 1.2) C6. Low physical activity / High screen time / High snack intake Observed % = 4.7 Expected % = 6.7 O/E (95%CI) = 0.7 (0.5 – 1.0) C7. Low physical activity / High screen time / High soft drink intake Observed % = 4.2 Expected % = 3.3 O/E (95%CI) = 1.3 (0.5 – 3.1) G ↑ co-occurrence of UHB B G with 5 UHB (C1) was 160% more than it would be expected | ↑ H SES ↓ UHB ↓ L SES ↑ UHB | NA |
Hartz et al., (2018) [44] | C 1B ↑MVPA ↑DQ ↓SB C 2B ↓MVPA ↓DQ ↓SB C 3B ↓MVPA ↑DQ ↑SB C 1A ↑MVPA ↑DQ ↑SB C 2A ↓MVPA ↑DQ ↓SB C 3A ↓MVPA ↓DQ ↑SB (n = 3) | –- | C 1B 10.3% C 2B 62% C 3B 27.8% C 1A 5.7% C 2A 49.6% C 3A 44.7% | NA | C 3B ↑ older age |
Iannotti and Wang (2013) [42] | C1. Healthful ↑PA ↑FV ↓ED ↓ST C2. Unhealthful  ~ PA ~ FV ↑ED ↑ST C3. Typical ↓PA ↓FV ↓ED ~ ST (n = 3) | C1. Healthful (26.5%) C2. Unhealthful (26.4%) C3. Typical (47.2%) | C3 ↑ B | C2 ↑ L SES C3 ↑ L SES | C3 ↑ older |
Iaccarino Idelson et al., (2014) [76] | C1 ↑MVPA ↑BF ↑DP ↑FV ↓TV (n = 1) | C1 0% (0% of the sample met the five health recommendations, < 0.5% fulfilled four recommendations, only about 5% fulfilled three recommendations, and 21% of the sample did not meet any health recommendation.) |  < 0.5% fulfilled four recommendations (0.5% boys, 0% girls) About 5% fulfilled three recommendations (3.4% boys, 5.8% girls) | NA | NA |
Kerkadi et al., (2021) [82] | C1 ↓PA ↓FV ↑SB (n = 1) | C1 Urban Observed % = 1.8 Expected % = 1.6 O/E (95%CI) = 1.13 Rural Observed % = 1.3 Expected % = 1.6 O/E (95%CI) = 0.81 | NA | NA | NA |
Khan et al., (2019) [80] | C1 ↓PA ↓FV ↑SITT (n = 1) | –- | Boys Observed % = 7.2 Expected % = 6.7 O/E (95%CI) = 1.1 (0.8 − 1.4) Girls Observed % = 6.6 Expected % = 5.6 O/E (95%CI) = 1.2 (0.9 − 1.5) | NA | NA |
Long et al., (2021) [83] | C1 ↓PA ↓FV ↑UHF ↑SB C2 ↓PA ↓FV ↑SB C3 ↓PA ↑UHF ↑SB (n = 3) | –- | C1 Boys (5.2%) Girls (8.2%) C2 Boys (3.6%) Girls (4.8%) C3 Boys (8.4%) Girls (15.2%) | NA | NA |
Magalhães et al., (2022) [58] | Late/on time maturing adolescents C1 ↑PA ↑FV C2 ↓PA ↓FV ↓UHF ↓ST C3 ↑PA ↑UHF ↑ST Early maturing adolescents C1 ↓PA ↓UHF ↓ST C2 ↑PA ↑UHF ↑ST (n = 5) | –- | Late/on time maturing adolescents C1 Boys (51.8%) Girls (48.2%) C2 Boys (39.8%) Girls (60.2%) C3 Boys (42.5%) Girls (57.5%) Early maturing adolescents C1 Boys (40.4%) Girls (59.6%) C2 Boys (45.3%) Girls (54.7%) | NA | NA |
Maia et al., (2018) [52] | C1 ↓PA ↓HF ↓UHF ↓SITT C2 ↑PA ↑HF ↑UHF ↑SITT (n = 2) | C 1 Total (57.13%) C 2 Total (42.87%) | C 1 Boys (57.78%) Girls (55.9%) C 2 Boys (42.22%) Girls (44.1%) | C2 ↑ L SES | C2 ↑ 14–15 years age group |
Mandic et al., (2017) [81] | C1. Non-adherent, healthy weight ↓MVPA ↓FV ↑ST C2. Non- adherent, unhealthy weight ↓MVPA ↓FV ↑ST C3. Semi-adherent, unhealthy weight ↓PA ↑FV ↑ST C4. Physically active, healthy weight ↑PA ↓FV ↑ST C5. Low screen time, healthy weight ↓PA ~ FV ↓ST C6. Healthy F&V intake, healthy weight ↓PA ↑FV ↑ST (n = 6) | C1. Non-adherent, healthy weight Total (38.8%) C2. Non- adherent, unhealthy weight Total (15.4%) C3. Semi-adherent, unhealthy weight Total (11.8%) C4. Physically active, healthy weight Total (13.4%) C5. Low screen time, healthy weight Total (7.1%) C6. Healthy F&V intake, healthy weight Total (13.5%) | C1. Non-adherent, healthy weight Boys (48.9%) Girls (51.1%) C2. Non- adherent, unhealthy weight Boys (48.5%) Girls (51.5%) C3. Semi-adherent, unhealthy weight Boys (49.4%) Girls (50.6%) C4. Physically active, healthy weight Boys (65.5%) Girls (34.5%) C5. Low screen time, healthy weight Boys (32.6%) Girls (67.4%) C6. Healthy F&V intake, healthy weight Boys (41.7%) Girls (58.3%) | C1 ↑ L SES C2 ↑ L SES C4 ↓ L SES C6 ↓ L SES | C5 ↑ young individuals |
Matias et al., (2018) [53] | C1. Health-promoting SB and diet ↓PA ↓UHF ↓HF ↓SB C2. Health-promoting PA and diet ↑PA ↑HF ↓UHF ↓SB C3. Health-risk ↓PA ↑UHF ↓HF ↑SB (n = 3) | C1. Health-promoting SB and diet (32.6%) C2. Health-promoting PA and diet (44.9%) C3. Health-risk (22.5%) | C1 ↑ G C2 ↑ B C3 ↑ G | C1 ↑ L SES C2 ↑ H SES C3 ↑ L SES C1 inversely associated SES H SES 37% less to be in C1 H SES 21% more to be in C2 | ↑ year in age 7% ↑ to be in C1 |
Moreira et al., (2018) [64] | Among boys, clusters 1 to 3, and 5, were similar in both HELENA and ELANA studies whereas cluster 4 showed different behaviours C1. Cluster ↓MVPA ↓FV ↓SSB ↑TV C2. Cluster 2 ↓MVPA ↓FV ↑SSB ~ TV C3. Cluster 3 ↑MVPA ↓FV ↓SSB ↓TV C4. Cluster 4 In the HELENA study, cluster 4 was characterized by: ↓MVPA ↑FV ↓SSB ↓TV In the ELANA study, cluster 4 was characterized by: ↑MVPA ~ FV ↑SSB ↑TV C5. Cluster 5 ↓MVPA ↓FV ↓SSB ↓TV Among girls, clusters showed similarities in both studies C1. Cluster 1 ↓MVPA ↓FV ↓SSB ↑TV C2. Cluster 2 ↓MVPA ↓FV ↑SSB ↓TV C3. Cluster 3 ↑MVPA ↓FV ↓SSB ↓TV C4. Cluster 4 ↓MVPA ↑FV ↓SSB ↓TV whereas in ELANA girls this cluster presented as: ↑MVPA ↑FV ↑SSB ↓TV C5. Cluster 5 ↓MVPA ↓FV ↓SSB ↓TV (n = 5) | –- | HELENA C1. Cluster 1 Boys (18.7%) Girls (21.9%) C2. Cluster 2 Boys (11.6%) Girls (13.6%) C3. Cluster 3 Boys (19.6%) Girls (15.5%) C4. Cluster 4 Boys (17.7%) Girls (18.9%) C5. Cluster 5 Boys (32.4%) Girls (30.2%) ELANA C1. Cluster 1 Boys (35.3%) Girls (34.8%) C2. Cluster 2 Boys (16.2%) Girls (11.8%) C3. Cluster 3 Boys (12.4%) Girls (12.2%) C4. Cluster 4 Boys (7.3%) Girls (5.8%) C5. Cluster 5 Boys (26.1%) Girls (35.3%) | No significant difference | HELENA B, C3 ↑ youngest age HELENA G, C3 ↑ youngest age ELANA G, C4 ↑ older age |
Niermann et al., (2018) [78] | C1. Healthy behavior families ↑MVPA ↑HF ↓SW ↓ST C2. Unhealthy behavior families ↓MVPA ↓HF ↑SW ↑ST C3. Divergent behavior families ↓MVPA ↑HF ↓SW ↓ST (n = 3) | –- | C1. Healthy behavior families Boys (32.8%) Girls (67.2%) C2. Unhealthy behavior families Boys (50.9%) Girls (49.1%) C3. Divergent behavior families Boys (32.4%) Girls (67.6%) | C1 and C3 ↑ H SES C2 ↑ L SES | NA |
Nunes et al., (2016) [54] | C1 ↓PA ↑UHF ↑ST (n = 1) | Total (40.5%) Observed % (95%CI) = 40.6 (37.4–43.7) Expected %(95%CI) = 38.0 (34.8–41.1) O/E (95%CI) = 1.1 (0.4–1.7) | Boys (38.4%) OR (95%CI) = 1.00 Girls (42.1%) OR (95%CI) = 1.10 (0.84–1.45) | No significant difference | C1 ↓ older individuals |
Ottevaere et al., (2011) [66] | C1. Unhealthy ↓MVPA ↓DQ ↓SB C2. Sedentary ↓MVPA ~ DQ ↑SB C3. Active, low diet quality ↑MVPA ↓DQ C4. Inactive, high diet quality ↓MVPA ↑DQ ↓SB C5. Healthy ↑MVPA ↑DQ (n = 5) | C1. Unhealthy Total (21%) C2. Sedentary Total (12%) C3. Active, low diet quality Total (7%) C4. Inactive, high diet quality Total (42%) C5. Healthy Total (18%) | C1. Unhealthy Boys (49.5%) Girls (50.5%) C2. Sedentary Boys (51%) Girls (49%) C3. Active, low diet quality Boys (63.8%) Girls (36.2%) C4. Inactive, high diet quality Boys (35.8%) Girls (64.2%) C5. Healthy Boys (53.2%) Girls (46.8%) | L SES ↓ C4 and C5 C2 B ↑ H SES | C3 and C5 ↑ younger age C1 ↑ older B |
Sanchez et al., (2007) [46] | C1. TV > 120 min per day / PA < 60 min per day / Fat > 30% fat of total energy intake / Fruits/vegetables < 5 servings/day ↓MVPA ↑F ↓FV ↑TV C2. TV > 120 min per day / PA < 60 min per day / Fat > 30% fat of total energy intake / Fruits/vegetables > 5 servings/day ↓MVPA ↑F ↑FV ↑TV C3. TV > 120 min per day / PA < 60 min per day/ Fat < 30% fat of total energy intake / Fruits/vegetables < 5 servings/day ↓MVPA ↓F ↓FV ↑TV (n = 3) | 2% met all guidelines | C1. TV > 120 min per day / PA < 60 min per day / Fat > 30% fat of total energy intake / Fruits/vegetables < 5 servings/day Boys (9.8%) Girls (14.8%) C2. TV > 120 min per day / PA < 60 min per day / Fat > 30% fat of total energy intake / Fruits/vegetables > 5 servings/day Boys (1.1%) Girls (1.0%) C3. TV > 120 min per day / PA < 60 min per day/ Fat < 30% fat of total energy intake / Fruits/vegetables < 5 servings/day Boys (3.4%) Girls (7.8%) | NA | ↑ UHB ↑ older age |
Silva et al., (2014) [50] | C1 ↓MVPA ↓FV ↑ST (n = 1) | – | Boys Observed % = 11.8 Expected % = 9.0 O/E (95% CI) = 1.32 (1.18, 1.47) Girls Observed % = 12.2 Expected % = 11.0 O/E (95% CI) = 1.12 (1.02, 1.23) | NA | NA |
Spengler et al., (2012) [77] | C1. Cluster 1 ↑PA ~ DQ ~ MU C2. Cluster 2 ↓PA ↑DQ ↓MU C3. Cluster 3 ↓PA ↓DQ ↑MU C4. Cluster 4 ↓PA ↓DQ ↓MU (n = 4) | C1. Cluster 1 Total (16.2%) C2. Cluster 2 Total (34.3%) C3. Cluster 3 Total (18.6%) C4. Cluster 4 Total (30.9%) | C1. Cluster 1 Boys (71.8%) Girls (28.2%) C2. Cluster 2 Boys (38.7%) Girls (61.3%) C3. Cluster 3 Boys (69.3%) Girls (30.7%) C4. Cluster 4 Boys (41.6%) Girls (58.4%) | C1 ↑ H SES C2 ↑ H SES C3 ↑ L SES | C3 ↑ older adolescents |
Spengler et al., (2014) [72] | C1. Cluster 1 ↑PA ~ DQ ~ MU C2. Cluster 2 ↓PA ↑DQ ↓MU C3. Cluster 3 ↓PA ↓DQ ↑MU C4. Cluster 4 ↓PA ↓DQ ↓MU (n = 4) | C1. Cluster 1 (16.2%) C2. Cluster 2 (34.3%) C3. Cluster 3 (18.6%) C4. Cluster 4 (30.9%) | NA | NA | NA |
Teh et al., (2019) [79] | C1 ↓PA ↓FV ↑SB (n = 1) | –- | Boys Observed % = 23.15 Expected % = 20.67 O/E = 1.12 Girls Observed % = 35.5 Expected % = 34.52 O/E = 1.03 | NA | NA |
Uddin et al., (2020) [68] | C1 ↓PA ↓FV ↑SITT (n = 1) | –- | Boys Observed % = 11.71 Expected % = 12.44 O/E (95%CI) = 0.94 (0.9 − 0.98) Girls Observed % = 17.73 Expected % = 16.27 O/E (95%CI) = 1.09 (1.06 − 1.12) | NA | NA |
Veloso et al., (2012) [74] | C1. Active gamers ↑PA ↑SW ↑CSD ↓FV ↑ST C2. Healthy group ↑PA ↓SW ↓CSD ↑FV ↓SB C3. Sedentary group ↓PA ~ SW ~ CSD ↓FV ↓SB ~ TV (n = 3) | C1. Active gamers Total (25%) C2. Healthy group Total (41%) C3. Sedentary group Total (34%) | C1. Active gamers Boys (35.8%) Girls (15.3%) C2. Healthy group Boys (42.2%) Girls (40.3%) C3. Sedentary group Boys (22.1%) Girls (44.3%) | NA | C1 ↑ younger age C3 ↑ older age |
Wadolowska et al., (2018) [75] | C1. Prudent-Active ↑VPA ↑HF ↑BF ↓ST C2. Fast-food-Sedentary ↑UHF ↓BF ↑ST C3. notPrudent-notFast-food-lowActive ↓VPA ↓HF ↓UHF ↓BF (n = 3) | C1. Prudent-Active Total (29.3%) C2. Fast-food-Sedentary Total (13.8%) C3. notPrudent-notFast-food-lowActive Total (56.9%) | C1. Prudent-Active Boys (41.9%) Girls (58.1%) C2. Fast-food-Sedentary Boys (59.3%) Girls (40.7%) C3. notPrudent-notFast-food-lowActive Boys (49.3%) Girls (50.7%) | C2 ↑ L SES | C1 ↑ younger age C2 ↑ older age |
Children and Adolescents (n = 7) |  | ||||
Khoshhali et al., (2021) [90] | C1 ↓FV ↓DP C2 ↑ PA ↑SW ↑SSB ↑SN ↑FF ↓FV ↓DP C3 ↑ PA ↓BF ↓FV ↓DP ↑FF ↑SW ↑SSB ↑SN (n = 3) | –- | C1 Boys (83.5%) Girls (81.1%) C2 Boys (4.1%) Girls (7.4%) C3 Boys (12.4%) Girls (11.5%) | No significant difference | NA |
Leech et al., (2014) [60] | C1. Most healthy ↑MVPA ↓ED ↓SB ↓TV C2. ED consumers who watch TV ↑ED ↓FV ↑TV C3. High sedentary behaviour/low MVPA ↓MVPA ↑SB (n = 3) | Younger children C1. Most healthy Total (35%) C2. ED consumers who watch TV Total (39%) C3. High sedentary behaviour/low MVPA Total (26%) Older children C1. Most healthy Total (32%) C2. ED consumers who watch TV Total (37%) C3. High sedentary behaviour/low MVPA Total (31%) | Younger children C1. Most healthy Boys (50%) Girls (50%) C2. ED consumers who watch TV Boys (56%) Girls (44%) C3. High sedentary behaviour/low MVPA Boys (40%) Girls (59%) Older children C1. Most healthy Boys (54%) Girls (46%) C2. ED consumers who watch TV Boys (48%) Girls (52%) C3. High sedentary behaviour/low MVPA Boys (31%) Girls (69%) | C2 ↑ L SES | Younger children ↑ HB ↓ UHB in Cs C2 ↑ older children |
Leech et al., (2015) [59] | C1. Most healthy ↑MVPA ↓ED ↓SB ↓TV C2. ED consumers who watch TV ↑ED ↑TV C3. High sedentary behaviour/low MVPA ↓MVPA ↑SB (n = 3) | 5–6-year-olds, T1 C1. Most healthy (40%) C2. ED consumers who watch TV (35%) C3. High sedentary behaviour/low MVPA (25%) 5–6-year-olds, T2 C1. Most healthy (34%) C2. ED consumers who watch TV (25%) C3. High sedentary behaviour/low MVPA (41%) 10–12-year-olds, T1 C1. Most healthy (41%) C2. ED consumers who watch TV (32%) C3. High sedentary behaviour/low MVPA (26%) 10–12-year-olds, T2 C1. Most healthy (29%) C2. ED consumers who watch TV (29%) C3. High sedentary behaviour/low MVPA (42%) | C1 ↑ B C2 ↑ B C3 ↑ G C1 T1 64% younger B T2 60% older B C2 T1 61% younger B T2 68% older B C3 T1 40% younger B T2 32% older B | NA | C1 ↑ older age C2 ↑ younger age C3 ↑ younger age |
Mayne et al., (2020) [19] | C1. Screen time / diet / physical activity ↓PA ↓HEI ↑ST C2. Screen time / physical activity / fast food ↓PA ↑FF ↑ST (n = 2) | Age 6–11 C1. Screen time / diet / physical activity (11.9%) C2. Screen time / physical activity / fast food (4.6%) Age 12–15 C1. Screen time / diet / physical activity (19.4%) C2. Screen time / physical activity / fast food (4.0%) Age 16–19 C1. Screen time / diet / physical activity (22.2%) C2. Screen time / physical activity / fast food (9.5%) | NA | NA | C1 ↑ older adolescents (22.2%) |
Sánchez-Oliva et al., (2018) [71] | 4 clusters (older children) C1. Healthy lifestyle ↑MVPA ~ MED ↓ST ↓SB C2. Sedentary/healthy diet ↓MVPA ↑MED ↓ST ↑SB C3. High screen  ~ MVPA ↓MED ↑ST ~ SB C4. Low moderate to vigorous physical activity/unhealthy diet ↓MVPA ↓MED ↓ST ↑SB 4 clusters (younger adolescents) C1. Healthy lifestyle ↑MVPA ~ MED ↓ST ↓SB C2. Highly sedentary  ~ MVPA ~ MED ~ ST ↑SB C3. High screen/ unhealthy diet  ~ MVPA ↓MED ↑ST ~ SB C4. Low screen and moderate to vigorous physical activity ↓MVPA ↑MED ↓ST ~ SB 4 clusters (older adolescents) C1. Healthy lifestyle ↑MVPA ↑MED ↓ST ↓SB C2. Sedentary/ healthy diet ↓MVPA ↑MED ↓ST ↑SB C3. High screen  ~ MVPA ~ MED ↑ST ~ SB C4. Low moderate to vigorous physical activity/unhealthy diet ↓MVPA ↓MED ~ ST ~ SB (n = 4) | Older children C1. Healthy lifestyle Total (26%) C2. Sedentary/healthy diet Total (30%) C3. High screen Total (22%) C4. Low moderate to vigorous physical activity/unhealthy diet Total (22%) Younger adolescents C1. Healthy lifestyle Total (27%) C2. Highly sedentary Total (9%) C3. High screen/ unhealthy diet Total (25%) C4. Low screen and moderate to vigorous physical activity Total (40%) Older adolescents C1. Healthy lifestyle Total (25%) C2. Sedentary/ healthy diet Total (29%) C3. High screen Total (22%) C4. Low moderate to vigorous physical activity/unhealthy diet Total (24%) | Older children C1. Healthy lifestyle Boys (38.7%) Girls (13.1%) C2. Sedentary/healthy diet Boys (22.6%) Girls (38.4%) C3. High screen Boys (16.6%) Girls (26.8%) C4. Low moderate to vigorous physical activity/unhealthy diet Boys (22.1%) Girls (21.7%) Younger adolescents C1. Healthy lifestyle Boys (41.6%) Girls (10.3%) C2. Highly sedentary Boys (7.3%) Girls (9.9%) C3. High screen/ unhealthy diet Boys (24.8%) Girls (25.9%) C4. Low screen and moderate to vigorous physical activity Boys (26.3%) Girls (53.9%) Older adolescents C1. Healthy lifestyle Boys (35%) Girls (15.8%) C2. Sedentary/ healthy diet Boys (18.6%) Girls (38%) C3. High screen Boys (28.8%) Girls (16.3%) C4. Low moderate to vigorous physical activity/unhealthy diet Boys (17.5%) Girls (29.9%) | In younger adolescents’ group, L SES ↑ C3 | –- |
Schmiege et al., (2016) [45] | C1. Healthiest ↑PA ↓SN ↓SSB ↑FV ↑BF ↓ST C2. Least Healthy ↓PA ↑JF ↓FV ↑ST C3. Mixed diet/low activity/low screen time ↓PA ↓JF ↓FV ↓ST C4. Mixed diet/high activity/high screen time ↑PA ↑SN ↑SSB ↑FV ↑BF ↑ST (n = 4) | C1. Healthiest Total (44%) C2. Least Healthy Total (7%) C3. Mixed diet/low activity/low screen time Total (37%) C4. Mixed diet/high activity/high screen time Total (11%) | C1. Healthiest Boys (55.4%) Girls (44.6%) C2. Least Healthy Boys (46.1%) Girls (53.9%) C3. Mixed diet/low activity/low screen time Boys (48.0%) Girls (52%) C4. Mixed diet/high activity/high screen time Boys (50.9%) Girls (49.1%) | NA | Percentage of Children/Adolescents in each cluster stratified by age categories  C1. Healthiest   Preschool (55.93%)   School Age (45.21%)   Adolescent (32.15%)  C2. Least Healthy   Preschool (1.36%)   School Age (6.85%)   Adolescent (12.54%)  C3. Mixed diet/low activity/low screen time   Preschool (32.88%)   School Age (36.99%)   Adolescent (42.12%)  C4. Mixed diet/high activity/high screen time   Preschool (9.83%)   School Age (10.96%)   Adolescent (13.18%) |
Schroder et al., (2018) [89] | C1. Low physical activity / High screen time / Skipping breakfast / Low meal frequency ↓PA ↓BF ↓MF ↑ST C2. Low physical activity / High screen time / Skipping breakfast ↓PA ↓BF ↑ST C3. Low physical activity / High screen time / Low meal frequency ↓PA ↓MF ↑ST (n = 3) | C1. Low physical activity / High screen time / Skipping breakfast / Low meal frequency (5%) C2. Low physical activity / High screen time / Skipping breakfast (0.8%) C3. Low physical activity / High screen time / Low meal frequency (1.4%) | G ↑ UHB | L SES ↑ UHB ↓ H SES ↑ UHB | ↑ UHB ↑ age |
Adolescents and young Adults (n = 1) |  | ||||
Watts et al., (2015) [91] | C1 ↓MPA ↓FV ↑SITT (n = 1) | C1 7.4% | NA | NA | NA |
Young Adults (n = 1) |  | ||||
Al-Nakeeb et al., (2015) [92] | C1. High risk factors ↓MPA ↓HF ↑UHF ↑TV C2. Moderate risk factors ↑MPA ~ HF ~ UHF ↓TVCOM C3. Low risk factors  ~ MPA ↑HF ↓UHF ↑TVCOM (n = 3) | C1. High risk factors Total (42.2%) C2. Moderate risk factors Total (24.4%) C3. Low risk factors Total (33.3%) | C1. High risk factors Boys (29.4%) Girls (70.6%) C2. Moderate risk factors Boys (69.0%) Girls (31.0%) C3. Low risk factors Boys (41.3%) Girls (58.7%) | NA | C1 ↑ youngest age C3 ↑ oldest age |