Table 4 Research outcomes and internal consistencies
Demographics | Age, gender identity, ethnicity, race, disability, state and region of residence, years playing sport | T1 |
Primary outcome | ||
Body Esteem | Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents & Adults (BESAA) [38] Appearance Esteem (AE; 10 items; e.g., I like how I look in photos) and Weight Esteem (WE; 8 items; e.g., I am satisfied with my weight) subscales Mean subscale scores range between 0 (never) and 4 (always). Higher scores reflect higher esteem The BESAA has shown good internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.76–0.96) and evidence of validity (correlations with self-esteem) in prior research conducted with adolescents [38, 43] The BESAA has been shown to detect change in body esteem at post-intervention [40, 44] and 1–6-month follow-up [40, 41, 45, 46] in interventions targeting adolescent girls | T1–T4 |
Secondary outcomes | ||
Body Appreciation | Body Appreciation Scale – 2 (BAS–2) [37] 10 items related to body appreciation (e.g., I take a positive attitude towards my body) Mean subscale scores range between 1 (never) and 5 (always). Higher scores reflect higher body appreciation The BAS–2 has shown good internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.86–0.93) and evidence of validity (correlations with self-esteem, body pride, life satisfaction) in prior research conducted with adolescents [46, 47] The BAS–2 has been shown to detect change in body appreciation at post-intervention [48] in interventions targeting adolescent girls | T1–T4 |
Resisting Objectification | Experience of Embodiment Scale (EES) – Resisting Objectification Subscale (RO) [49] 4 items related to inhabiting the body as a subjective site vs. as an objectified site (e.g., I focus more on what my body can do than on its appearance) Mean subscale scores range between 1 (strongly disagree) and 5 (strongly agree). Higher scores reflect greater resistance to objectification The RO subscale has shown good internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.71) and evidence of validity (correlations with body esteem, self-esteem) in previous research [49] The EES has been shown to detect change in embodiment at post-intervention and 3–12-month follow-up [17] in interventions targeting adolescent girls | T1–T4 |
Attuned Self-Care | Experience of Embodiment Scale (EES) – Attuned Self-Care Subscale (ASC) [49] 7 items related to the degree of attunement and responsiveness to the embodied self and its physical, emotional, relational, aspirational, and spiritual needs (e.g., I make sure I listen to my body and its needs [e.g., rest when I am tired, eat when hungry, leave when I feel unsafe, relax when stressed]) Mean subscale scores range between 1 (strongly disagree) and 5 (strongly agree). Higher scores reflect greater attunement to self-care The ASC subscale has shown good internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.75) and evidence of validity (correlations with body esteem, self-esteem) in previous research [49] The EES has been shown to detect change in embodiment at post-intervention and 3–12-month follow-up [17] in interventions targeting adolescent girls | T1–T4 |
Sports Enjoyment | Sources of Enjoyment in Youth Sport (SEYS) [39] 28 items related to six domains that elicit enjoyment among athletes (i.e., self-referenced competency [e.g., Playing well compared to how I’ve played in the past]; other-referenced competency and recognition [Doing skills other kids my age cannot do]; effort expenditure [Working hard in practice]; competitive excitement [Hearing the crowd cheer during a close game, match or race]; affiliation with peers [Being with friends on my team]; positive parental involvement [Getting encouragement from my parents]) Mean subscale scores range between 1 (strongly disagree) and 5 (strongly agree). Higher scores reflect greater enjoyment with this domain The SEYS has shown good internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.65–0.85) in previous research [39] The SEYS has been shown to detect change in enjoyment levels within domains at post-intervention in interventions targeting women [50] and differences in enjoyment among children and adolescents participating in individual and team sports [51] | T1–T4 |
Positive and Negative Affect | Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) [52] 10 items related to emotive states (5 positive [e.g., joyful]; 5 negative [e.g., scared]) Positive and negative affect subscale scores range between 1 (not at all) and 5 (extremely). Higher scores reflect greater positive or negative affect The PANAS has shown good internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.82–0.86) in previous research [52] The PANAS has been shown to detect change in affect at post-intervention [40, 53] in interventions targeting children and adolescents | T1–T4 |