Prescription drug monitoring programs use mandates and prescription stimulant and depressant quantities

BMC Public Health

Table 2 The Association between Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP) and prescription barbiturate quantity

	ln(Amobarbital Grams per 100,000 Population)		ln(Butalbital Grams per 100,000 Population)		ln(Pentobarbital Grams per 100,000 Population)		ln(Secobarbital Grams per 100,000 Population)
	Coefficient (standard error) [95% Confidence Interval]
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
Limited PDMP Use Mandate	0.082	0.051	0.003	0.024	0.119	-0.043	-0.237	-0.473
	(0.142)	(0.149)	(0.129)	(0.089)	(0.141)	(0.078)	(0.271)	(0.300)
	[-0.203 0.366]	[-0.247 0.350]	[-0.256 0.262]	[-0.155 0.203]	[-0.165 0.402]	[-0.200 0.113]	[-0.781 0.307]	[-1.076 0.131]
Expansive PDMP Use Mandate	0.020	0.021	-0.092*	-0.100**	-0.000	-0.016	-0.144	-0.144
	(0.093)	(0.095)	(0.040)	(0.035)	(0.060)	(0.044)	(0.238)	(0.214)
	[-0.167 0.207]	[-0.170 0.211]	[-0.172 -0.013]	[-0.170 -0.030]	[-0.122 0.121]	[-0.105 0.073]	[-0.622 0.333]	[-0.574 0.285]
Include Census-Division-by-Year Fixed Effects?	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes

Notes:
1. Limited PDMP use mandate requires prescribers or dispensers to check PDMP only when prescribing/dispensing opioids or benzodiazepine. Expansive PDMP use mandate is non-specific to opioid/benzodiazepine and requires prescribers or dispensers to check PDMP when prescribing/dispensing targeted controlled substances in Drug Enforcement Agency Schedule II-V.
2. All regressions included controls for the share of adults (18+) in the population, the share of the population without a high school diploma, the share of non-white individuals in the population, unemployment rate, poverty rate, non-mandatory PDMP legislation indicator, and state, quarter, and year indicators
3. Standard errors were clustered at the state level
4. The detailed results are reported in Supplemental Table S4
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01

ISSN: 1471-2458