Fig. 1

Event Study for Prescription Stimulant Grams per 100,000 Population. Notes: 1. Limited PDMP use mandate requires prescribers or dispensers to check Prescription Drug Monitoring Program only when prescribing/dispensing opioids or benzodiazepine. Expansive PDMP use mandate is non-specific to opioid/benzodiazepine and requires prescribers or dispensers to check Prescription Drug Monitoring Program when prescribing/dispensing targeted controlled substances in Drug Enforcement Agency Schedule II-V. 2. Estimated coefficient and 95% CIs are reported. 3. The quarter prior to the implementation was the reference (omitted) quarter. The estimated coefficient should be interpreted as relative to this quarter. The final lag/lead points accumulated all quarters beyond (i.e., -8 captured quarter − 8 and earlier; 8 captured quarter 8 and later). 4. All regressions included controls for the share of adults (18+) in the population, the share of the population without a high school diploma, the share of non-white individuals in the population, unemployment rate, poverty rate, non-mandatory PDMP legislation indicator, and state, quarter, year, and census-division-by-year indicators. 5. Standard errors were clustered at the state level