Fig. 1

Dose-response association between urinary volume-based 3-PBA and OA

Note: There exist linear associations between urinary volume-based 3-PBA and OA (P = 0.89 for non-linearity). The red lines and shaded areas represent the hazard ratios estimates and 95% CIs, respectively, relative to the reference level (dotted vertical lines). Models were adjusted for urinary creatinine, age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, family poverty-to-income ratio, HEI-2015, LTPA, smoking status, drink status, BMI, DMs and hypertension. Abbreviations: 3-PBA, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid; OA, osteoarthritis