Table 3 Breakdown of the attributable total cost

Metabolic risks

2200 (2050, 2510)

642 (478, 909)

1560 (1530, 1630)

High systolic blood pressure

929 (852, 1050)

218 (154, 321)

711 (672, 766)

High fasting plasma glucose

640 (554, 836)

271 (182, 451)

369 (350, 412)

High LDL cholesterol

633 (560, 741)

153 (94.5, 257)

480 (451, 514)

Lifestyle risks

1980 (1850, 2260)

549 (417, 806)

1430 (1400, 1510)

Dietary risks

1040 (952, 1200)

280 (198, 425)

759 (724, 809)

High body-mass index

868 (801, 995)

239 (186, 359)

629 (598, 686)

Low physical activity

68.1 (55.7, 111)

29.8 (20.2, 54.9)

38.3 (31.6, 60.6)

Substance risks

1560 (1490, 1690)

333 (265, 443)

1230 (1210, 1280)

Tobacco

1250 (1180, 1370)

286 (219, 395)

960 (938, 1010)

Alcohol use

234 (223, 261)

34.5 (26.4, 52.1)

199 (192, 216)

Illicit drug use

78.4 (71.9, 92.8)

12.6 (8.69, 20.0)

65.8 (61.1, 75.6)

Environmental and occupational risks

659 (610, 759)

174 (130, 256)

486 (467, 532)

Air pollution

506 (458, 588)

137 (98.3, 207)

368 (346, 407)

Occupational risks

68.4 (62.4, 80.0)

11.4 (7.39, 20.1)

57.8 (52.9, 64.5)

Other environmental risks

58.9 (53.8, 75.9)

14.8 (10.7, 24.8)

44.1 (41.2, 55.2)

Unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing

16.3 (13.2, 24.0)

7.50 (4.55, 14.2)

8.83 (7.88, 10.5)

Non-optimal temperature

9.36 (7.85, 13.6)

2.74 (1.47, 5.49)

6.62 (5.85, 9.35)

Other modifiable risks

588 (538, 692)

192 (141, 288)

398 (384, 425)

Kidney dysfunction

430 (382, 522)

135 (89.3, 215)

295 (279, 317)

Unsafe sex

105 (97.1, 117)

14.3 (8.59, 23.8)

93.0 (87.5, 101)

Maternal malnutrition

45.8 (22.5, 94.3)

42.4 (19.8, 89.6)

3.37 (1.54, 7.48)

Intimate partner violence

3.22 (2.63, 3.96)

0.0142 (0.00862, 0.0312)

3.48 (2.89, 4.24)

Childhood sexual abuse

2.53 (1.79, 4.07)

0.493 (0.222, 1.15)

2.04 (1.47, 3.28)

Low bone mineral density

1.31 (1.24, 1.43)

0.0155 (0.00988, 0.0287)

1.30 (1.22, 1.41)