Table 4 Unhealthy screen time and sleep duration behaviors among the participants (N = 3637)
Variables | Weekday Screen Time ≥ 2 h/day | Weekend Screen Time ≥ 2 h/day | Not Enough Weekday Sleep Duration | Not Enough Weekend Sleep Duration | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | |
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |||||
School type | ||||||||
Middle school | 194(19.3) | 810(80.7) | 572(57.0) | 432(43.0) | 972(96.8) | 32(3.2) | 416(41.4) | 588(58.6) |
High school | 61(5.9) | 967(94.1) | 624(60.7) | 404(39.3) | 1018(99.0) | 10(1.0) | 554(53.9) | 474(46.1) |
Vocational high school | 306(36.2) | 539(63.8) | 647(76.6) | 198(23.4) | 551(65.2) | 294(34.8) | 148(17.5) | 697(82.5) |
University | 530(69.7) | 230(30.3) | 597(78.6) | 163(21.4) | 206(27.1) | 554(72.9) | 104(13.7) | 656(86.3) |
χ2 | 925.062** | 145.163** | 1566.102** | 450.447** | ||||
Gender | ||||||||
Male | 557(31.2) | 1226(68.8) | 1186(66.5) | 597(33.5) | 1376(77.2) | 407(22.8) | 696(39.0) | 1087(61.0) |
Female | 534(28.8) | 1320(71.2) | 1254(67.6) | 600(32.4) | 1371(73.9) | 483(26.1) | 526(28.4) | 1328(71.6) |
χ2 | 2.57 | 0.517 | 5.115* | 46.331** | ||||
Residence | ||||||||
Country | 724(33.8) | 1419(66.2) | 1512(70.6) | 31(29.4) | 1521(71.0) | 622(29.0) | 675(31.5) | 1468(68.5) |
City | 367(24.6) | 1127(75.4) | 928(62.1) | 566(37.9) | 1226(82.1) | 268(17.9) | 547(36.6) | 947(63.4) |
χ2 | 35.633** | 28.401** | 58.538** | 10.324* | ||||
Family population | ||||||||
1–3 | 172(38.3) | 277(1.7) | 303(67.5) | 146(32.5) | 302(67.3) | 147(32.7) | 144(32.1) | 305(67.9) |
4–5 | 684(29.5) | 1635(70.5) | 1569(67.7) | 750(32.3) | 1746(75.3) | 573(24.7) | 772(33.3) | 1547(66.7) |
6–15 | 235(27.0) | 634(73.0) | 568(65.4) | 301(34.6) | 699(80.4) | 170(19.6) | 306(35.2) | 563(64.8) |
χ2 | 18.657** | 1.545 | 28.007** | 1.583 | ||||
Only child | ||||||||
Yes | 169(38.1) | 275(61.9) | 295(66.4) | 149(33.6) | 306(68.9) | 138(31.1) | 130(29.3) | 314(70.7) |
No | 922(28.9) | 2271(71.1) | 2145(67.2) | 1048(32.8) | 2441(76.4) | 752(23.6) | 1092(34.2) | 2101(65.8) |
χ2 | 15.668** | 0.096 | 11.957** | 4.23* | ||||
Father`s educational level | ||||||||
Primary school and below | 224(33.5) | 444(66.5) | 473(70.8) | 195(29.2) | 475(71.1) | 193(28.9) | 233(34.9) | 435(65.1) |
Middle school | 478(28.8) | 1180(71.2) | 1119(67.5) | 539(32.5) | 1272(76.7) | 386(23.3) | 559(33.7) | 1099(66.3) |
Senior high school and above | 89(29.7) | 922(70.3) | 848(64.7) | 463(35.3) | 1000(76.3) | 311(23.7) | 430(32.8) | 881(67.2) |
χ2 | 5.119 | 7.742* | 8.733* | 0.877 | ||||
Mother`s educational level | ||||||||
Primary school and below | 350(36.0) | 622(64.0) | 701(72.1) | 271(27.9) | 683(70.3) | 289(29.7) | 311(32.0) | 661(68.0) |
Middle school | 402(27.0) | 1085(73.0) | 994(66.8) | 493(33.2) | 1186(79.8) | 301(20.2) | 527(35.4) | 960(64.6) |
Senior high school and above | 339(28.8) | 839(71.2) | 745(63.2) | 433(36.8) | 878(74.5) | 300(25.5) | 384(32.6) | 794(67.4) |
χ2 | 23.776** | 19.072** | 29.579** | 3.909** | ||||
Close friends | ||||||||
0 | 18(26.9) | 49(73.1) | 40(59.7) | 27(40.3) | 58(86.6) | 9(13.4) | 24(35.8) | 43(64.2) |
1–2 | 288(28.9) | 708(71.1) | 655(65.8) | 341(34.2) | 782(78.5) | 214(21.5) | 350(35.1) | 646(64.9) |
3–5 | 536(30.8) | 1204(69.2) | 1193(68.6) | 547(31.4) | 1273(73.2) | 467(26.8) | 581(33.4) | 1159(66.6) |
> 6 | 249(29.9) | 585(70.1) | 552(66.2) | 282(33.8) | 634(76.0) | 200(24.0) | 267(32.0) | 567(68.0) |
χ2 | 1.416 | 4.469 | 14.606 | 2.182 | ||||
Self-reported family income | ||||||||
Low | 295(43.8) | 378(26.2) | 495(73.6) | 178(26.4) | 423(62.9) | 250(37.1) | 195(29.0) | 478(71.0) |
Moderate | 719(27.7) | 1880(72.3) | 1736(66.8) | 863(33.2) | 2007(77.2) | 592(22.8) | 889(34.2) | 1710(65.8) |
High | 77(21.1) | 288(78.9) | 209(57.3) | 156(42.7) | 317(86.8) | 48(13.2) | 138(37.8) | 227(62.2) |
χ2 | 81.864** | 28.8** | 87.847** | 9.778* | ||||
Self-reported study burden | ||||||||
Light | 61(32.8) | 125(67.2) | 109(58.6) | 77(41.4) | 138(74.2) | 48(25.8) | 44(23.7) | 142(76.3) |
Moderate | 681(31.1) | 1506(68.9) | 1468(57.1) | 719(32.9) | 1613(73.8) | 574(26.2) | 723(33.1) | 1464(66.9) |
Heavy | 349(27.6) | 915(72.4) | 863(68.3) | 401(31.7) | 996(78.8) | 268(21.2) | 455(36.0) | 809(64.0) |
χ2 | 5.478 | 6.874* | 11.213* | 11.786* | ||||