Table 4 Logistic regression model to examine the association of low birth weight with stunting, wasting, and underweight, India

Low Birth Weight

 Yes

1.46***

1.41

1.50

1.33***

1.27

1.37

1.76***

1.70

1.82

No (Ref.)

 Sex of the child

  Male

1.16***

1.13

1.19

1.11***

1.08

1.14

1.18***

1.15

1.21

Female (Ref.)

 Mother's education

  Illiteracy

1.39***

1.32

1.48

1.26***

1.19

1.33

1.56***

1.47

1.63

  Primary

1.35***

1.28

1.42

1.11***

1.05

1.18

1.42***

1.35

1.50

  Secondary

1.15***

1.11

1.19

1.08***

1.03

1.13

1.20***

1.16

1.26

Higher (Ref.)

 Wealth Index

  Poor

1.46***

1.41

1.52

1.27***

1.21

1.32

1.57***

1.51

1.63

  Middle

1.22***

1.17

1.27

1.10***

1.05

1.15

1.23***

1.18

1.27

Rich (Ref.)

 Religion

 Muslim

1.06***

1.03

1.11

1.14***

1.09

1.19

1.14***

1.09

1.18

 Others

1.02

0.98

1.07

0.83***

0.79

0.87

0.83***

0.79

0.87

Hindu (Ref.)

 Mother's age at delivery

  below 20

1.33***

1.25

1.40

0.96

0.90

1.03

1.28***

1.21

1.36

  20–24

1.20***

1.15

1.25

0.99

0.91

1.04

1.15***

1.11

1.20

  25–29

1.06*

1.02

1.09

1.01

0.95

1.05

1.06**

1.02

1.10

Above 30 (Ref.)

 Currently Breastfeeding

  Yes

1.14***

1.1

1.17

1.14***

1.11

1.18

1.22***

1.19

1.26

No (Ref.)

 Birth Order

  2

1.15***

1.12

1.19

1.01

0.98

1.04

1.11***

1.08

1.14

  3 & above 

1.35***

1.30

1.39

0.99

0.95

1.03

1.26***

1.22

1.31

1 (Ref.)

 Place of residence

  Urban

1.01

0.98

1.04

0.95***

0.91

0.98

0.97

0.94

1.01

Rural (Ref.)

 Age of the child (months)

  < 12 (Ref.)

   12–23

2.06***

1.99

2.13

0.77***

0.74

0.79

1.22***

1.18

1.26

   24–35

1.84***

1.77

1.91

0.82***

0.79

0.85

1.46***

1.41

1.52

   =  > 36

1.77***

1.69

1.84

0.73***

0.7

0.76

1.49***

1.43

1.55

Mother's height (cm)

 < 145 (Ref.)

  145–149

0.69***

0.66

0.72

1.02

0.97

1.07

0.73***

0.70

0.76

  150–154

0.49***

0.47

0.52

0.99

0.94

1.04

0.57***

0.54

0.59

  > 155

0.36***

0.34

0.37

0.92***

0.87

0.97

0.43***

0.42

0.45

Antenatal visit

 Less than 4 times (Ref.)

 4 & more times

1.01

0.98

1.03

0.99

0.96

1.02

1.00

0.97

1.03

IFA tablet

 Less than 100

1.03***

1.01

1.06

0.98

0.96

1.01

1.03**

1.01

1.05

100 & more

 Received benefits from ICDS

  No (Ref.)

  Yes

1.07***

1.04

1.1

1.04**

1.00

1.07

1.06***

1.03

1.09

Normal (Ref.)

 Source of drinking water

  Improved

1.10***

1.06

1.14

0.98

0.94

1.03

1.05***

1.01

1.09

Unimproved (Ref.)

 Toilet Facilities

  Unimproved

1.07***

1.04

1.1

1.03**

1.00

1.07

1.06***

1.03

1.09

Improved (Ref.)

 Region

  North

0.95**

0.91

0.99

0.84***

0.80

0.89

0.86***

0.83

0.90

  East

0.83***

0.80

0.86

1.11***

1.06

1.16

1.01

0.97

1.05

  North East

0.80***

0.76

0.85

0.84***

0.79

0.90

0.67***

0.63

0.71

  West

1.19***

1.12

1.25

1.53***

1.44

1.63

1.56***

1.48

1.65

  South

1.02

0.98

1.07

0.98

0.93

1.04

1.09***

1.04

1.15

Central (Ref.)

 Phase of the survey

  Phase I (Ref.)

  Phase II

0.93 ***

0.90

0.96

0.91***

0.88

0.95

0.95***

0.92

0.98