Table 7 Wald chi-square and contrast estimates (incidence rate ratios) from separate negative binomial regression models stratified by country examining the association between exposure to McDonald’s, KFC and Subway marketing and fast food intake among youth in six countries

Parameter

Wald χ² (p)

IRR

(95% CI)

Wald χ² (p)

IRR

(95% CI)

Wald χ² (p)

IRR

(95% CI)

Wald χ² (p)

IRR

(95% CI)

Wald χ² (p)

IRR

(95% CI)

Wald χ² (p)

IRR

(95% CI)

McDonald’s marketing exposure and fast food intake

 Intercept

2.37 (0.1239)

1.14 (0.2851)

0.17 (0.6772)

5.50 (0.0190)^a

0.37 (0.5430)

7.39 (0.0065)^a

 Age

61.06 (< 0.0001)^a

17.59 (< 0.0001)^a

15.71 (< 0.0001)^a

18.93 (< 0.0001)^a

23.45 (< 0.0001)^a

20.05 (< 0.0001)^a

Sex

 Male

[ref]

[ref]

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[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

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[ref]

 Female

11.26 (0.0008)^a

0.91

(0.86, 0.96)^a

15.15 (< 0.0001)^a

0.83

(0.76, 0.91)^a

18.88 (< 0.0001)^a

0.81

(0.73, 0.89)^a

0.08 (0.7774)

0.99

(0.92, 1.06)

1.00 (0.3184)

0.97

(0.90, 1.03)

4.41 (0.0357)^a

0.88

(0.78, 0.99)^a

Ethnicity

 Majority

[ref]

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 Minority

17.72 (< 0.0001)^a

1.15

(1.08, 1.22)^a

5.78 (0.0162)^a

1.15

(1.03, 1.29)^a

10.43 (0.0012)^a

1.26

(1.10, 1.45)^a

5.36 (0.0206)^a

1.09

(1.01, 1.17)^a

21.04 (< 0.0001)^a

1.24

(1.13, 1.36)^a

1.84 (0.1747)

1.13

(0.95, 1.35)

Income Adequacy

 Not enough

money

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

 Enough

money

0.64 (0.4240)

0.97

(0.90, 1.05)

0.48 (0.4905)

1.04

(0.94, 1.15)

2.39 (0.1224)

0.92

(0.83, 1.02)

10.93 (0.0009)^a

1.14

(1.05, 1.23)^a

46.47 (< 0.0001)^a

1.32

(1.22, 1.43)^a

1.88 (0.1704)

1.10

(0.96, 1.26)

McDonald’s Marketing Exposure

 Not exposed

[ref]

[ref]

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 Exposed

37.03 (< 0.0001)^a

1.26

(1.17, 1.35)^a

0.09 (0.7669)

0.98

(0.88, 1.10)

14.84 (0.0001)^a

1.23

(1.11, 1.36)^a

9.11 (0.0025)^a

1.16

(1.05, 1.28)^a

7.43 (0.0064)^a

1.14

(1.04, 1.26)^a

19.52 (< 0.0001)^a

1.43

(1.22, 1.68)^a

KFC marketing exposure and fast food intake

 Intercept

1.79 (0.1815)

0.41 (0.5196)

0.55 (0.4595)

5.89 (0.0152)^a

0.70 (0.4036)

4.11 (0.0426)^a

 Age

61.81 (< 0.0001)^a

17.67 (< 0.0001)^a

14.30 (0.0002)^a

19.44 (< 0.0001)^a

22.94 (< 0.0001)^a

19.52 (< 0.0001)^a

Sex

 Male

[ref]

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 Female

8.22 (0.0041)^a

0.92 (0.87, 0.97)^a

15.52 (< 0.0001)^a

0.83

(0.76, 0.91)^a

17.79 (< 0.0001)^a

0.81

(0.74, 0.90)^a

0.05 (0.8151)

0.99

(0.93, 1.06)

1.06 (0.3036)

0.97

(0.90, 1.03)

3.91 (0.0480)^a

0.88

(0.78, 0.99)^a

Ethnicity

 Majority

[ref]

[ref]

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[ref]

[ref]

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[ref]

 Minority

10.57 (0.0012)^a

1.11 (1.04, 1.18)^a

5.25 (0.0220)^a

1.14

(1.02, 1.28)^a

8.79 (0.0030)^a

1.24

(1.07, 1.42)^a

5.17 (0.0229)^a

1.09

(1.01, 1.17)^a

20.92 (< 0.0001)^a

1.24

(1.13, 1.35)^a

1.80 (0.1794)

1.13

(0.95, 1.35)

Income Adequacy

 Not enough

money

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

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 Enough

money

0.44 (0.5084)

0.98 (0.91, 1.05)

0.66 (0.4166)

1.04

(0.94, 1.16)

2.60 (0.1070)

0.92

(0.82, 1.02)

9.12 (0.0025)^a

1.13

(1.04, 1.22)^a

46.07 (< 0.0001)^a

1.32

(1.22, 1.43)^a

2.29 (0.1303)

1.11

(0.97, 1.27)

KFC Marketing Exposure

 Not exposed

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

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 Exposed

109.58 (< 0.0001)^a

1.35 (1.28, 1.43)^a

2.51 (0.1130)

1.08

(0.98, 1.19)

26.84 (< 0.0001)^a

1.29

(1.17, 1.42)^a

28.06 (< 0.0001)^a

1.22

(1.13, 1.31)^a

4.89 (0.0270)^a

1.11

(1.01, 1.23)^a

8.88 (0.0029)^a

1.22

(1.07, 1.39)^a

Subway marketing exposure and fast food intake

Intercept

0.22 (0.6409)

0.48 (0.4906)

0.54 (0.4637)

0.54 (0.4637)

0.76 (0.3831)

0.76 (0.3831)

Age

59.94 (< 0.0001)^a

17.63 (< 0.0001)^a

15.84 (< 0.0001)^a

15.84 (< 0.0001)^a

21.28 (< 0.0001)^a

21.28 (< 0.0001)^a

Sex

 Male

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

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[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

 Female

10.91 (0.0010)^a

0.91 (0.86, 0.96)^a

15.20 (< 0.0001)^a

0.83

(0.76, 0.91)^a

17.65 (< 0.0001)^a

0.81

(0.74, 0.90)^a

17.65 (< 0.0001)^a

0.98

(0.92, 1.05)

1.79 (0.1808)

0.96

(0.89, 1.02)

1.79 (0.1808)

0.86

(0.76, 0.97)^a

Ethnicity

 Majority

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

 Minority

17.41 (< 0.0001)^a

1.15 (1.08, 1.22)^a

5.01 (0.0252)^a

1.14

(1.02, 1.28)^a

9.68 (0.0019)^a

1.25

(1.09, 1.44)^a

9.68 (0.0019)^a

1.09

(1.01, 1.17)^a

18.80 (< 0.0001)^a

1.22

(1.12, 1.34)^a

18.80 (< 0.0001)^a

1.12

(0.94, 1.34)

Income Adequacy

 Not enough

money

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

 Enough

money

0.88 (0.3495)

0.96 (0.90, 1.04)

0.66 (0.4182)

1.04

(0.94, 1.16)

2.16 (0.1418)

0.92

(0.83, 1.03)

10.14 (0.0015)^a

1.13

(1.05, 1.22)^a

41.36 (< 0.0001)^a

1.30

(1.20, 1.41)^a

41.36 (< 0.0001)^a

1.08

(0.95, 1.24)

Subway Marketing Exposure

 Not exposed

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

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[ref]

[ref]

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 Exposed

13.12 (0.0003)^a

1.12 (1.05, 1.20)^a

4.32 (0.0376)^a

1.10

(1.01, 1.20)^a

20.25 (< 0.0001)^a

1.25

(1.14, 1.38)^a

11.69 (0.0006)^a

1.14

(1.06, 1.24)^a

33.23 (< 0.0001)^a

1.23

(1.15, 1.32)^a

33.23 (< 0.0001)^a

1.33

(1.17, 1.50)^a