Table 5 Odds ratio estimates from separate proportional odds regression models stratified by country examining the association between exposure to McDonald’s, KFC and Subway marketing and preference for McDonald’s, KFC and Subway, respectively, among youth in six countries

Exposure to McDonald’s Marketing and Preference for McDonald’s

Age

0.88

(0.83, 0.93)^a

0.89

(0.80, 1.00)

0.91

(0.81, 1.03)

0.88

(0.79, 0.99)^a

0.92

(0.83, 1.03)

0.90

(0.82, 1.00)

Sex

 Male

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

 Female

0.95

(0.72, 1.25)

0.69

(0.42, 1.12)

0.95

(0.58, 1.54)

1.13

(0.71, 1.80)

1.19

(0.75, 1.89)

0.81

(0.52, 1.28)

Ethnicity

 Majority

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

 Minority

0.85

(0.62, 1.18)

1.03

(0.54, 1.99)

0.62

(0.29, 1.34)

1.38

(0.85, 2.25)

1.02

(0.53, 1.97)

1.26

(0.66, 2.41)

Income Adequacy

 Not enough money

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

 Enough money

0.84

(0.57, 1.26)

0.86

(0.50, 1.48)

0.95

(0.54, 1.68)

0.70

(0.41, 1.20)

1.06

(0.64, 1.74)

0.64

(0.38, 1.08)

McDonald’s Marketing Exposure

 Not Exposed

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

 Exposed

2.08

(1.52, 2.85)^a

2.87

(1.66, 4.95)^a

2.08

(1.27, 3.40)^a

2.12

(1.27, 3.53)^a

2.28

(1.33, 3.91)^a

3.22

(1.87, 5.52)^a

Exposure to KFC Marketing and Preference for KFC

Age

0.88

(0.83, 0.93)^a

0.97

(0.88, 1.08)

0.97

(0.87, 1.08)

1.01

(0.92, 1.11)

1.00

(0.90, 1.12)

0.93

(0.85, 1.03)

Sex

 Male

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

 Female

0.57

(0.44, 0.72)^a

0.48

(0.30, 0.77)^a

0.99

(0.64, 1.56)

0.97

(0.63, 1.48)

0.87

(0.53, 1.45)

0.94

(0.61, 1.43)

Ethnicity

 Majority

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

 Minority

1.32

(0.99, 1.78)

0.94

(0.49, 1.77)

1.05

(0.49, 2.22)

1.22

(0.78, 1.89)

0.59

(0.30, 1.16)

1.44

(0.73, 2.89)

Income Adequacy

 Not enough money

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

 Enough money

0.73

(0.53, 1.00)

0.96

(0.56, 1.63)

0.96

(0.59, 1.57)

1.35

(0.85, 2.16)

1.43

(0.83, 2.48)

1.19

(0.75, 1.90)

KFC Marketing Exposure

 Not Exposed

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

 Exposed

2.80

(2.18, 3.59)^a

2.59

(1.60, 4.20)^a

2.35

(1.46, 3.79)^a

1.87

(1.20, 2.90)^a

2.02

(1.09, 3.74)^a

1.64

(1.07, 2.52)^a

Exposure to Subway Marketing and Preference for Subway

Age

0.99

(0.93, 1.06)

1.11

(1.00, 1.22)

0.99

(0.90, 1.09)

0.99

(0.88, 1.11)

1.07

(0.97, 1.17)

1.01

(0.92, 1.12)

Sex

 Male

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

 Female

0.95

(0.70, 1.29)

1.11

(0.72, 1.72)

1.53

(0.99, 2.37)

0.97

(0.59, 1.59)

0.89

(0.58, 1.35)

0.95

(0.61, 1.48)

Ethnicity

 Majority

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

 Minority

0.88

(0.62, 1.24)

0.90

(0.51, 1.60)

1.95

(0.91, 4.19)

0.77

(0.46, 1.30)

0.83

(0.45, 1.53)

1.06

(0.53, 2.14)

Income Adequacy

 Not enough money

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

 Enough money

1.03

(0.70, 1.52)

0.86

(0.52, 1.43)

0.78

(0.47, 1.30)

0.96

(0.56, 1.66)

1.34

(0.83, 2.15)

1.76

(1.08, 2.88)^a

Subway Marketing Exposure

 Not Exposed

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

[ref]

 Exposed

2.26

(1.65, 3.10)^a

2.64

(1.67, 4.18)^a

3.44

(2.07, 5.72)^a

4.20

(2.49, 7.06)^a

2.66

(1.75, 4.02)^a

2.78

(1.76, 4.38)^a