Table 2 Count modelling technique and estimate comparison

CONTROL VARIABLE

 Year

  2003

Reference

  2008

22.63 (4.51) *

12.53 (3.86) *

12.20 (1.99) *

12.24 (8.86) *

  2013

22.41 (4.48) *

12.32 (3.79) *

12.35 (2.00) *

12.39 (8.85) *

  2018

22.32 (4.47) *

12.22 (3.82) *

12.38 (2.02) *

12.44 (8.86) *

FIXED EFFECTS

 Level 1 (Individual Level Characteristics)

  Age

   15 – 24 years

Reference

   25 – 34 years

0.08 (0.01) *

0.06 (0.02) *

0.06 (0.01) *

0.04 (0.01) *

   35 – 49 years

0.09 (0.01) *

0.08 (0.02) *

0.09 (0.01) *

0.07 (0.02) *

  Level of Education

   No formal education

Reference

   Primary education

0.17 (0.03) *

0.19 (0.00) *

0.10 (0.02) *

0.10 (0.01) *

   Secondary/Tertiary education

0.24 (0.04) *

0.28 (0.02) *

0.14 (0.02) *

0.14 (0.01) *

  Religion

   Christian

Reference

   Islam

-0.10 (0.01) *

-0.14 (0.03) *

-0.08 (0.02) *

-0.07 (0.02) *

   Others

-0.27 (0.05) *

-0.31 (0.08) *

-0.22 (0.04) *

-0.16 (0.02) *

  Occupation

   Unemployed/Unskilled manual

Reference

   Employed

0.10 (0.01) *

0.11 (0.05) *

0.04 (0.02) *

0.04 (0.02) *

   Self employed

0.10 (0.01) *

0.13 (0.02) *

0.05 (0.02) *

0.05 (0.01) *

   Others

0.08 (0.01) *

0.11 (0.05) *

0.03 (0.02) *

0.03 (0.02) *

  Wanted last child

   Wanted then

Reference

   Wanted later

-0.00 (0.03)

-0.02 (0.02)

-0.04 (0.02) *

-0.03 (0.02) *

   Wanted no more

-0.02 (0.04)

-0.04 (0.06)

-0.03 (0.02) *

-0.01 (0.02)

  Place of delivery

   Home or elsewhere

Reference

   Hospital/health center

0.07 (0.03) *

0.08 (0.01) *

0.03 (0.01) *

0.04 (0.01) *

  Exposure to media

   Not exposed to media

Reference

   Exposed to media

0.05 (0.00) *

0.04 (0.02) *

0.01 (0.01)

0.02 (0.02) *

  Birth order of child

   First

Reference

   Second

-0.01 (0.01)

0.02 (0.02)

-0.03 (0.01) *

-0.02 (0.02)

   Third

-0.00 (0.01)

0.03 (0.03) *

-0.03 (0.01) *

-0.02 (0.02) *

   Fourth and above

-0.04 (0.02) *

0.01 (0.02)

-0.05 (0.01) *

-0.02 (0.03)

  Wealth Status

   Bottom 33%

Reference

   Average

0.07 (0.01) *

0.09 (0.01) *

0.07 (0.01) *

0.07 (0.00) *

   Top 33%

0.17 (0.02) *

0.22 (0.02) *

0.14 (0.05) *

0.12 (0.02) *

  Number of ANC visits

   No visit

Reference

   1 – 3 visits

0.42 (0.02) *

0.44 (0.03) *

0.28 (0.02) *

0.25 (0.01) *

   4 – 7 visits

0.52 (0.01) *

0.57 (0.01) *

0.34 (0.03) *

0.32 (0.01) *

   8 or more visits

0.50 (0.01) *

0.54 (0.02) *

0.31 (0.03) *

0.30 (0.00) *

  Sex of the child

   Male

Reference

   Female

0.02 (0.01) *

0.02 (0.02) *

-0.01 (0.01)

0.00 (0.01)

  Postnatal Care attendance within 2months⁷

   No

Reference

   Yes

0.19 (0.00) *

0.23 (0.02) *

0.08 (0.01) *

0.07 (0.01) *

  Healthcare decision maker

   Self

Reference

   Husband alone

0.01 (0.02)

-0.05 (0.01) *

-0.00 (0.00)

0.00 (0.01)

   Joint

0.03 (0.01) *

-0.02 (0.01) *

0.01 (0.02)

0.01 (0.00) *

   Other

-0.18 (0.03) *

-0.24 (0.13) *

-0.15 (0.01) *

-0.10 (0.08) *

 Level 2 (Community Level Characteristics)

  Place of residence

   Urban

Reference

   Rural

0.02 (0.02)

0.03 (0.03) *

0.00 (0.03)

-0.00 (0.01)

  Community poverty rate

   Low

Reference

   Average

0.09 (0.01) *

0.09 (0.02) *

0.03 (0.00) *

0.04 (0.01) *

   High

0.05 (0.02) *

0.06 (0.01) *

0.01 (0.00)

0.01 (0.01) *

  Community illiteracy rate

   Low

Reference

   Average

-0.07 (0.02) *

-0.06 (0.03) *

-0.00 (0.02)

-0.04 (0.00) *

   High

-0.05 (0.02) *

-0.04 (0.03) *

-0.03 (0.02) *

-0.07 (0.01) *

  Community unemployment

   Low

Reference

   Average

0.02 (0.02)

0.04 (0.03) *

0.01 (0.02)

0.01 (0.00) *

   High

-0.06 (0.01) *

-0.03 (0.01) *

-0.02 (0.01) *

-0.02 (0.01) *

 Level 3 (State Level Characteristics)

  Rural proportion

   Low rural proportion

Reference

   Average rural proportion

-0.10 (0.09)

-0.09 (0.02) *

-0.03 (0.01) *

-0.06 (0.06) *

   High rural proportion

-0.07 (0.13)

-0.03 (0.01) *

-0.11 (0.05) *

-0.07 (0.02) *

  Health facility per 100,000

    < 15

Reference

   15 – 25

-0.04 (0.06)

-0.00 (0.01)

0.00 (0.03)

0.06 (0.06) *

    > 25

0.04 (0.06)

0.01 (0.02)

0.01 (0.10)

0.11 (0.05) *

RANDOM EFFECTS

 Community Level

  Standard Deviation (S. E.)

0.23 (0.00)

0.18 (0.02)

0.06 (0.00)

0.07 (0.00)

  Variance Partitioning Coefficient

0.10

0.05

0.03

0.01

 State Level

  Standard Deviation (S. E.)

0.17 (0.00)

0.14 (0.00)

0.12 (0.02)

0.13 (0.01)

  Variance Partitioning Coefficient

0.12

0.06

0.04

0.03

SAMPLE SIZE

 Individual-level

12,761

12,761

12,761

12,761

 Community-level

1,338

1,338

1,338

1,338

 State-level

37

37

37

37

GOODNESS OF FIT

 -2 Log Likelihood

-31384.02

-30274.39

-27235.46

-27171.47

 LOOIC

63586.20

60769.70

54601.60

54464.20

 WAIC

64503.70

60995.80

54735.40

54588.00