Kilocalorie labelling in the out-of-home sector: an observational study of business practices and consumer behaviour prior to implementation of the mandatory calorie labelling policy in England, 2022

Table 4 Demographic and outlet predictors of kcals purchased, consumed and kcal estimates

	Kcals Purchased Demographic and Outlet Model [1] B [99% CI]	Kcals Consumed Demographic and Outlet Model B [99% CI]	Kcal estimates Demographic and Outlet Model B [99% CI]
Age	-2.184 [-3.815; -0.554] *	-1.83 [-3.33; -0.33] *	1.40 [-0.09; 2.82]
Male (v. Female)	75 [18; 132] *	111 [58; 164] *	58 [10; 106] *
Non-White (v. White)	-71 [-150; 8]	-54 [-128; 19]	-51 [-118; 17]
Low SEP (v. High)	8 [-53; 69]	29 [-28; 86]	-71 [-135; -6] *
Midday (v. Evening)	-106 [-221; 9]	-73 [-171; 25]	-87 [-178; 5]
Weekend (v. Weekday)	109 [8; 210] *	69 [-19; 157]	20 [-50; 89]
Entertainment (v. Cafe)	227 [-1; 456] *	-6 [-197; 184]	-103 [-226; 20]
Fast Food (v Cafe)	274 [178; 371] *	214 [128; 299] *	187 [117; 258] *
Pub (v. Cafe)	958 [804; 1111] *	867 [732; 1002] *	61 [-53; 175]
Restaurant (v. Cafe)	743 [587; 899] *	629 [487; 770] *	357 [283; 475] *
IMD2 (v.IMD1)	-50 [-206; 106]	-61 [-190; 67]	1 [-98; 100]
IMD3 (v.IMD1)	-68 [-196; 60]	-30 [-155; 95]	-2 [-75; 70]
IMD4 (v.IMD1)	-67 [-196; 61]	-59 [-172; 53]	11 [-101; 123]
IMD5 (v.IMD1)	-129 [-248; -9] *	-98 [-204; 9]	-13 [-107; 81]
Labelling Present	30 [-97; 158]	6 [-101; 112]	32 [-46; -111]
Kcals Purchased	-	-	-0.74 [-0.65; -0.83]*
Num. obs.	2446	2446	2440
N Clusters	289	289	289

¹ Note: Models include age, gender, ethnicity, SEP, outlet type, LSOA IMD value, local authority, and kcal labelling presence as exposure variables. Models examining kcal estimates included total kcals purchased to control for meal kcal content. Day of the week (weekend vs. weekday) and time of day (midday or evening) were additional covariates in these models
Table legend: Reference categories (females, white, high SEP, Evening meal, Weekday, Cafes, IMD1 and labelling absent). IMD = Indices of Multiple Deprivation, SEP = Social economic position. IMD1 represents the most deprived areas of the UK and IMD5 represents the least deprived areas. In relation to kcal estimates, positive values represent an overestimation and negative values represent an underestimation of kcal content

ISSN: 1471-2458