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Table 2 Multivariable odds ratios (ORs, 95%CI) of prevalence of hypertension and stratified by smoking status

From: The association of periodontal disease and oral health with hypertension, NHANES 2009–2018

 

Cases/total

participants

OR (95% CI)

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Oral health

Excellent/ Very good

3185/6769

1.00

1.00

1.00

Good

3757/7536

1.23(1.12–1.35)

1.14(1.03–1.26)

1.13(1.02–1.27)

Fair

2620/4994

1.48(1.32–1.65)

1.32(1.17–1.49)

1.30(1.15–1.47)

Poor

1455/2501

1.84(1.58–2.15)

1.49(1.24–1.79)

1.48(1.22–1.79)

P-trend

 

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Non-Smoking

Excellent/ Very good

1801/4151

1.00

1.00

1.00

Good

2004/4320

1.19(1.03–1.38)

1.12(0.99–1.27)

1.12(0.98–1.27)

Fair

1293/2529

1.20(1.02–1.42)

1.51(1.27–1.79)

1.49(1.26–1.77)

Poor

521/882

1.49(1.22–1.82)

1.67(1.29–2.16)

1.62(1.24–2.12)

P-trend

 

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.032

Smoking

Excellent/ Very good

1384/2618

1.00

1.00

1.00

Good

1753/3216

1.22(1.07–1.38)

1.12(0.96–1.31)

1.13(0.96–1.33)

Fair

1327/2465

1.73(1.49–2.02)

1.11(0.94–1.30)

1.11(0.93–1.32)

Poor

934/1619

2.33(1.88–2.89)

1.29(1.02–1.63)

1.31(1.03–1.67)

P-trend

 

< 0.001

0.03

0.013

P-interation

< 0.001

Periodontal disease

No

8839/17,717

1.00

1.00

1.00

Yes

2178/4083

1.35(1.22–1.49)

1.20(1.08–1.34)

1.21(1.09–1.35)

P-trend

 

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Non-Smoking

No

4664/10,018

1.00

1.00

1.00

Yes

955/1864

1.41(1.20–1.66)

1.19(0.99–1.44)

1.22(1.01–1.47)

P-trend

 

< 0.001

0.066

0.041

Smoking

No

4175/7699

1.00

1.00

1.00

Yes

1223/2219

1.24(1.06–1.44)

1.14(0.98–1.34)

1.16(0.98–1.37)

P-trend

 

0.006

0.097

0.080

P-interation

< 0.001

  1. Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education
  2. Model 2: Model 1 plus BMI, sleep duration, alcohol intake, physical activity,
  3. history of CVD, diabetes, sodium, fat
  4. Model 3: Model 2 plus total cholesterol, creatinine, triglyceride, HbA1c, HDL.