Table 1 Summary of study methods across Phases 1–4

Phase 1:

Descriptive Phase

Secondary data analysis: Youth 2000 surveys, NZ Health Survey, NZ General Social Survey

Descriptive statistics and relevant analytic approaches including logistic regression, ordinal logistic regression and mediation analysis

Phase 2:

Study on public discourse

NZ-based print media, social media

Critical discourse analysis, media content analysis

Stakeholder interviews

Thematic analysis

Phase 3:

Study on lived experience

In-depth interviews

Thematic analysis

Phase 4:

Co-design phase

Co-design process

Grounded Theory approach