Table 2 Percentage of subjects by categories of BLLs among US children and adolescents: NHANES 2015 − 2018
Characteristics | Blood Lead Levels Unweighted N (Weighted %) | p-valueb | BLL > 3.5 µg/dlc Unweighted N (Weighted %) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
≤ 0.45 a | > 0.45 µg/dl | |||
Total sample | 1275 (50.0) | 1540 (50.0) | 14 (0.4) | |
Gender | < 0.001 | |||
Male | 522 (41.4) | 856 (58.6) | 4 (0.2) | |
Female | 753 (58.5) | 684 (41.5) | 10 (0.5) | |
Age group | < 0.001 | |||
6 − 10 | 489 (41.7) | 824 (58.3) | 5 (0.4) | |
11 − 15 | 453 (50.4) | 499 (49.6) | 5 (0.3) | |
16 − 19 | 333 (63.1) | 217 (36.9) | 4 (0.4) | |
Race/ethnicity | 0.020 | |||
Non-Hispanic White | 377 (51.5) | 455 (48.6) | 3 (0.3) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 229 (40.4) | 382 (59.6) | 0 (0) | |
Hispanic | 310 (55.5) | 270 (44.5) | 5 (0.8) | |
Other | 359 (47.7) | 433 (52.3) | 6 (0.5) | |
Central Obesity | < 0.001 | |||
No | 739 (46.4) | 1053 (53.5) | 10 (0.4) | |
Yes | 536 (56.7) | 487 (43.3) | 4 (0.3) | |
Education | 0.271 | |||
Less than a high school | 725 (52.1) | 776 (47.9) | 9 (0.5) | |
High school or some college | 425 (48.1) | 604 (51.9) | 5 (0.3) | |
College graduate or above | 125 (47.0) | 160 (53.0) | 0 (0) | |
Poverty Income Ratio | < 0.001 | |||
< 1.3 | 457 (43.6) | 654 (56.4) | 7 (0.5) | |
1.3–3.5 | 508 (47.5) | 614 (52.5) | 6 (0.5) | |
> 3.5 | 310 (59.8) | 272 (40.2) | 1 (0.1) | |
Serum Cotinine levels | < 0.001 | |||
< 0.03 ng/mL | 636 (59.7) | 517 (40.3) | 7 (0.3) | |
0.03–3 | 606 (43.1) | 947 (56.9) | 6 (0.3) | |
> 3 | 33 (30.2) | 76 (69.8) | 1 (1.0) | |