Table 1 Characteristics of study population stratified by categories of serum cotinine levels: NHANES 2015–2018 (n = 2,815)
Serum cotinine Levels Unweighted N (Weighted %) | p-valuec | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
< 0.03 | 0.03–3 | > 3 ng/ml | ||
Total sample | 1153 (44.3) | 1553 (52.3) | 109 (3.4) | |
Gender | 0.313 | |||
Male | 555 (43.1) | 766 (52.9) | 57 (4.0) | |
Female | 598 (5.5) | 787 (51.6) | 52 (2.9) | |
Age | 0.424 | |||
6 − 10 | 548 (45.8) | 720 (50.9) | 45 (3.3) | |
11 − 15 | 382 (45.1) | 537 (52.0) | 33 (2.9) | |
16 − 19 | 223 (40.7) | 296 (54.84) | 31 (4.5) | |
Race/ethnicity | < 0.001 | |||
Non-Hispanic White | 304 (43.9) | 480 (52.2) | 48 (3.9) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 125 (21.9) | 453 (73.3) | 33 (4.8) | |
Hispanic | 331 (57.8) | 241 (40.5) | 8 (1.7) | |
Others | 393 (49.0) | 379 (48.3) | 20 (2.6) | |
Central Obesity | 0.0562 | |||
No | 755 (46.5) | 970 (50.4) | 67 (3.1) | |
Yes | 398 (40.2) | 583 (55.8) | 42 (4.0) | |
HR Educationa | < 0.001 | |||
Less than High School | 551 (37.4) | 869 (57.7) | 81 (4.9) | |
High School or some college | 431 (47.8) | 571 (49.7) | 27 (2.4) | |
College or above | 171 (63.3) | 113 (36.3) | 1 (0.4) | |
Poverty-to-income ratio | < 0.001 | |||
< 1.3 | 324 (30.0) | 713 (63.5) | 74 (6.6) | |
1.3 − 3.5 | 462 (41.3) | 632 (55.9) | 28 (2.8) | |
> 3.5 | 367 (62.9) | 208 (36.0) | 7 (1.1) | |
Serum Cotinine Levels Median (IQRb), ng/mL | 0.02 (0.018, 0.024) | 0.10 (0.05–0.33) | 4.54 (3.69–6.29) | |
Blood Lead Levels Median (IQR), ug/dl | 0.39 (0.29–0.54) | 0.48 (0.34–0.69) | 0.54 (0.40–0.78) | |