Table 5 Univariate and multilevel multivariable regression model for factors associated with self-reported diagnosis of chlamydia (overall and symptomatic) in 68 countries¹

Region

Central-West Europe (AT, CH, DE, LI, LU)

ref.

West Europe (BE, FR, IE, NL, MC, UK)

2.07

1.39–3.07

< 0.001

1.13

0.80–1.58

0.494

1.48

0.96–2.27

0.075

1.18

0.80–1.74

0.416

Southwest Europe (AD, ES, IT, MT, PT, SM)

0.63

0.41–0.97

0.034

0.74

0.49–1.12

0.156

0.60

0.37–0.98

0.041

0.53

0.34–0.83

0.005

Northwest Europe (DK, FI, IS, NO, SE)

1.11

0.73–1.68

0.633

0.92

0.64–1.32

0.650

1.04

0.65–1.67

0.872

1.15

0.75–1.77

0.522

Northeast Europe (EE, LT, LV)

0.55

0.29–1.04

0.068

1.31

0.67–2.53

0.429

0.89

0.37–2.14

0.800

1.09

0.47–2.56

0.842

Central-East Europe (CZ, HU, PL, SK, SL)

0.28

0.18–0.44

< 0.001

0.49

0.30–0.79

0.004

0.29

0.17–0.52

< 0.001

0.29

0.17–0.50

< 0.001

Southeast Europe (AL, BA, BU, CY, HR, GR, HR, ME, MK, RO, RS, TR, XK)

0.32

0.21–0.48

< 0.001

0.58

0.35–0.96

0.032

0.35

0.21–0.58

< 0.001

0.33

0.20–0.54

< 0.001

East Europe (BY, MD, RU, UA)

0.40

0.25–0.65

< 0.001

0.67

0.42–1.05

0.081

0.81

0.47–1.39

0.441

0.71

0.43–1.18

0.187

Middle East (IL, LB)

1.34

0.76–2.36

0.304

1.97

1.08–3.59

0.028

2.14

1.11–4.11

0.023

1.72

0.94–3.16

0.078

Philippines

0.17

0.08–0.35

< 0.001

0.29

0.14–0.61

0.001

0.21

0.08–0.56

0.002

0.22

0.09–0.56

0.001

Canada

1.63

0.86–3.06

0.132

0.98

0.59–1.62

0.932

1.35

0.70–2.63

0.373

1.09

0.60–1.97

0.778

Mexico

0.39

0.20–0.73

0.003

0.60

0.32–1.11

0.104

0.38

0.19–0.75

0.005

0.33

0.18–0.60

< 0.001

Central America (CR, GT, HN, NI, PA, SV)

0.30

0.19–0.48

< 0.001

0.55

0.34–0.91

0.018

0.39

0.21–0.72

0.003

0.39

0.21–0.72

0.002

Andean region (BO, EC, CO, PE, VE, SR)

0.34

0.22–0.52

< 0.001

0.64

0.39–1.06

0.083

0.34

0.21–0.58

< 0.001

0.30

0.19–0.49

< 0.001

Southern Cone (AR, CL, UY, PY)

0.33

0.21–0.52

< 0.001

0.73

0.42–1.25

0.251

0.42

0.24–0.72

0.002

0.36

0.21–0.59

< 0.001

Brazil

0.40

0.21–0.75

0.004

0.79

0.42–1.49

0.461

0.34

0.17–0.67

0.002

0.25

0.14–0.46

< 0.001

Survey artefacts

French translation

no

ref.

yes

1.58

1.37–1.83

< 0.001

1.57

1.34–1.83

< 0.001

1.47

1.05–2.05

0.024

1.17

0.87–1.57

0.303

Major data discrepancies

no

ref.

yes

1.24

1.15–1.33

< 0.001

1.18

1.08–1.28

< 0.001

1.03

0.88–1.22

0.689

0.96

0.81–1.13

0.610

Sample composition

Age group

< 25 years

ref.

25–29 years

1.64

1.51–1.79

< 0.001

1.28

1.17–1.41

< 0.001

1.31

1.10–1.57

0.003

1.11

0.93–1.33

0.260

30–39 years

1.90

1.75–2.05

< 0.001

1.31

1.20–1.43

< 0.001

1.52

1.30–1.78

< 0.001

1.13

0.96–1.33

0.153

40–49 years

1.56

1.43–1.70

< 0.001

1.01

0.92–1.11

0.788

1.34

1.13–1.59

0.001

0.92

0.76–1.10

0.342

50 + years

1.09

1.00–1.20

0.062

0.85

0.77–0.95

0.002

0.92

0.76–1.11

0.377

0.68

0.56–0.84

< 0.001

Settlement size (inhabitants)

village/countryside (< 10,000)

ref.

small town (10,000–99,999)

1.10

0.98–1.22

0.095

1.03

0.92–1.16

0.589

1.04

0.83–1.31

0.717

1.00

0.80–1.26

0.998

medium town (100,000–499,999)

1.47

1.33–1.63

< 0.001

1.21

1.08–1.35

0.001

1.30

1.05–1.61

0.018

1.17

0.94–1.45

0.167

big city (500,000–999,999)

1.79

1.61–1.99

< 0.001

1.20

1.07–1.35

0.002

1.52

1.21–1.90

< 0.001

1.22

0.97–1.53

0.085

very big city (≥ 1 million)

2.34

2.12–2.58

< 0.001

1.32

1.18–1.47

< 0.001

1.99

1.62–2.44

< 0.001

1.50

1.22–1.84

< 0.001

Diagnosed HIV

no

ref.

yes

2.42

2.28–2.57

< 0.001

1.33

1.24–1.43

< 0.001

1.67

1.45–1.91

< 0.001

1.15

0.99–1.34

0.072

Financial coping

comfortable

ref.

neither struggling nor comfortable

0.96

0.91–1.01

0.137

1.01

0.95–1.07

0.757

0.94

0.84–1.05

0.286

0.98

0.87–1.10

0.719

struggling

0.96

0.90–1.03

0.279

0.97

0.90–1.05

0.444

0.91

0.78–1.05

0.207

0.90

0.77–1.05

0.194

Testing behavior

Last STI screen

no screening

ref.

> 6–12 months ago

0.66

0.59–0.73

< 0.001

0.40

0.36–0.45

< 0.001

1–6 months ago

1.66

1.56–1.76

< 0.001

0.61

0.57–0.66

< 0.001

within the previous 4 weeks

3.03

2.84–3.24

< 0.001

0.81

0.74–0.87

< 0.001

Anal swab in the previous 12 months

no

ref.

yes

8.47

8.01–8.95

< 0.001

5.65

5.28–6.05

< 0.001

Sexual behavior

Number of sex partners, previous 12 months

none or one

ref.

2–4

1.57

1.40–1.76

< 0.001

1.18

1.00–1.39

0.044

1.64

1.31–2.04

< 0.001

1.36

0.99–1.87

0.057

5–7

2.56

2.28–2.86

< 0.001

1.56

1.31–1.86

< 0.001

2.43

1.94–3.05

< 0.001

1.82

1.30–2.56

0.001

8–10

3.64

3.23–4.10

< 0.001

2.05

1.72–2.45

< 0.001

3.50

2.76–4.44

< 0.001

2.46

1.73–3.49

< 0.001

11–20

5.33

4.82–5.89

< 0.001

2.55

2.16–3.02

< 0.001

4.46

3.64–5.46

< 0.001

2.81

2.02–3.93

< 0.001

> 20

10.90

9.91–12.00

< 0.001

3.66

3.10–4.33

< 0.001

8.06

6.64–9.78

< 0.001

4.20

3.01–5.86

< 0.001

Anal intercourse, condom use with last non-steady partner (NSP)

no anal intercourse with NSP

ref.

never condom with NSP

4.63

4.10–5.23

< 0.001

1.74

1.45–2.09

< 0.001

3.73

2.90–4.79

< 0.001

1.75

1.22–2.49

0.002

seldom condom with NSP

9.33

8.36–10.41

< 0.001

2.15

1.80–2.57

< 0.001

5.84

4.64–7.34

< 0.001

1.94

1.36–2.77

< 0.001

sometimes condom with NSP

7.63

6.85–8.49

< 0.001

1.91

1.60–2.28

< 0.001

5.56

4.47–6.91

< 0.001

1.94

1.37–2.74

< 0.001

mostly condom with NSP

4.94

4.47–5.46

< 0.001

1.51

1.27–1.79

< 0.001

4.52

3.72–5.51

< 0.001

1.69

1.21–2.35

0.002

always condom with NSP

2.27

2.05–2.53

< 0.001

0.99

0.83–1.17

0.911

2.06

1.67–2.54

< 0.001

0.94

0.67–1.31

0.699

no answer condom with NSP

1.49

1.30–1.72

< 0.001

1.06

0.88–1.27

0.532

1.27

0.95–1.70

0.109

0.84

0.58–1.22

0.360

PrEP use

never/ don’t know

ref.

when needed

4.53

3.97–5.18

< 0.001

1.37

1.18–1.60

< 0.001

3.45

2.56–4.66

< 0.001

1.88

1.38–2.57

< 0.001

former daily use

4.45

3.53–5.61

< 0.001

1.76

1.35–2.29

< 0.001

1.76

0.87–3.56

0.113

1.05

0.52–2.13

0.896

current daily use

6.92

6.33–7.56

< 0.001

1.79

1.61–1.99

< 0.001

3.73

3.00–4.64

< 0.001

1.66

1.32–2.09

< 0.001

Multipartner sex during last NSP sex

no

ref.

yes

2.41

2.27–2.56

< 0.001

1.11

1.04–1.19

0.003

2.34

2.06–2.65

< 0.001

1.28

1.12–1.46

< 0.001

Country level rates

Country-level screening rates (quartiles)

0.81%–

ref.

1.92%–

1.44

1.00–2.07

0.051

1.33

1.01–1.74

0.041

4.28%–

1.72

1.13–2.61

0.011

1.26

0.90–1.76

0.177

7.63–35.96%

4.99

3.42–7.28

< 0.001

1.54

0.94–2.51

0.086

cons.

0.01

0.00–0.01

< 0.001

0.00

0.00–0.00

< 0.001

Random part

68 countries¹

random intercept

0.04

0.02–0.09

0.05

0.02–0.13