Table 7 Descriptive statistics; Cronbach’s α, mean score, and standard deviation (SD)

Attitude (α = 0.585)

 Fast food is familiar to me

3.174 (1.012)

 I think that fast food is not good for health

3.356 (0.973)

 I think that fast food can provide all vital nutrients for us

2.178 (0.934)

 I think that fast food is delicious

3.584 (0.752)

 I think that fast-food stores provide an attractive environment

2.890 (1.026)

 I think that fast-food stores are clean

2.479 (0.945)

 I think that fast food is clean and safe

2.315 (0.907)

 I think that fast food portions are large enough to feel full

2.872 (0.987)

 I think that fast food has a lot of salt

2.758 (0.972)

 I think that fast food has a lot of fat

3.443 (0.857)

 I think that consuming fast food will make me fat

3.425 (0.855)

 I think that fast food has a lot of calories

3.393 (2.943)

Subjective norm (α = 0.616)

 Motivation to comply

1.995 (1.029)

 Normative Belief

2.548 (0.841)

 Motivation to comply × Normative belief

2.251 (0.998)

Perceived behavioral control (α = 0.783)

 I can eat fast food even if fewer fast-food stores are near

2.493 (0.955)

 I think that meeting friends at places other than fast food stores would be difficult

2.616 (1.092)

 I can eat fast food even while I am on diet

2.352 (1.066)

 I can eat fast food even if I have to wait for a long time

2.475 (1.102)

 I can eat fast food even if the fewer advertisement for fast food is on TV, the internet, etc

2.448 (1.054)

 I can eat fast food even if they offer a few sale promotions

2.438 (1.022)

 I think that changing my fast food consumption behaviors for health would be difficult

2.580 (1.056)

 I think that using places other than fast food stores for special occasions such as birthdays would be difficult

2.479 (1.020)

 I think that changing my fast food consumption behavior is difficult because I have eaten them from very young ages

2.758 (2.250)

 I can eat fast food even if I get nutrition education using multimedia (e.g. website, video clip) rather than a basic lecture or brochure

2.306 (0.910)

 I can eat fast food even if I get continued nutrition education

2.283 (0.944)

 I can eat fast food even if I learn how to quickly prepare a simple meal

2.333 (1.019)

 I can eat fast food even if I get nutrition education about the impact of fast food on health (e.g. calories, nutrient content)

2.223 (0.958)

Intention (α = 0.445)

 I intend to eat hamburgers in a month

1.799 (0.960)

 I intend to eat French fries in a month

1.447 (0.894)

 I intend to eat a pizza in a month

1.361 (0.600)

 I intend to eat fried chicken in a month

1.379 (0.589)

 I intend to eat doughnuts in a month

1.890 (0.661)

Behavior (α = 0.022)

 Which of the following food do you consume the most?

2.712 (0.983)

 Reasons for consuming fast food

2.763 (1.244)

 With whom do you enjoy eating fast food?

2.548 (0.982)

 What do you consume fast food as?

1.530 (0.544)

 Place where you eat fast food

2.676 (1.317)