Table 3 Type of initiative and how it was instigated
Type of Initiative | # of papers | % | How Intervention Instigated | How Instigated volume | How Instigated percentage | # with outcome measure | Percentage of the total of those with an outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Comprehensive | 124 | 8% | Policy | 25 | 20.2% | 3 | 2.4% |
Collaboration | 22 | 17.7% | 1 | 0.8% | |||
Service Reform | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
Law (4) | 1 | 0.8% | 1 | 0.8% | |||
City Health Dept | 34 | 27.4% | 17 | 13.7% | |||
Fiscal (6) | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
Research | 1 | 0.8% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
National or philanthropc | 7 | 5.6% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
WHO Healthy Cities (9) | 6 | 4.8% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
WHO | 1 | 0.8% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
Stanford (11) | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
Not stated | 27 | 21.8% | 7 | 5.6% | |||
Education / support program | 414 | 26% | Policy | 26 | 6.3% | 2 | 1.6% |
Collaboration | 63 | 15.2% | 4 | 3.2% | |||
Service Reform | 9 | 2.2% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
Law (4) | 8 | 1.9% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
City Health Dept | 36 | 8.7% | 2 | 1.6% | |||
Fiscal (6) | 3 | 0.7% | 4 | 3.2% | |||
Research | 16 | 3.9% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
National or philanthropc | 19 | 4.6% | 1 | 0.8% | |||
WHO Healthy Cities (9) | 3 | 0.7% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
WHO | 2 | 0.5% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
Stanford (11) | 7 | 1.7% | 3 | 2.4% | |||
Not stated | 222 | 53.6% | 14 | 11.3% | |||
Change to physical environment | 336 | 21% | Policy | 75 | 22.3% | 1 | 0.8% |
Collaboration | 17 | 5.1% | 1 | 0.8% | |||
Service Reform | 4 | 1.2% | 1 | 0.8% | |||
Law (4) | 69 | 20.5% | 4 | 3.2% | |||
City Health Dept | 27 | 8.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
Fiscal (6) | 16 | 4.8% | 1 | 0.8% | |||
Research | 8 | 2.4% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
National or philanthropc | 10 | 3.0% | 2 | 1.6% | |||
WHO Healthy Cities (9) | 4 | 1.2% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
WHO | 1 | 0.3% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
Stanford (11) | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
Not stated | 105 | 31.3% | 11 | 8.9% | |||
Service reform | 366 | 23% | Policy | 14 | 3.8% | 0 | 0.0% |
Collaboration | 47 | 12.8% | 4 | 3.2% | |||
Service Reform | 228 | 62.3% | 25 | 20.2% | |||
Law (4) | 7 | 1.9% | 1 | 0.8% | |||
City Health Dept | 31 | 8.5% | 3 | 2.4% | |||
Fiscal (6) | 18 | 4.9% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
Research | 2 | 0.5% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
National or philanthropc | 19 | 5.2% | 1 | 0.8% | |||
WHO Healthy Cities (9) | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
WHO | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
Stanford (11) | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
Not stated | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
Digital / IT / Data | 92 | 6% | Policy | 2 | 2.2% | 0 | 0.0% |
Collaboration | 5 | 5.4% | 1 | 0.8% | |||
Service Reform | 6 | 6.5% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
Law (4) | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
City Health Dept | 19 | 20.7% | 1 | 0.8% | |||
Fiscal (6) | 1 | 1.1% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
Research | 7 | 7.6% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
National or philanthropc | 4 | 4.3% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
WHO Healthy Cities (9) | 3 | 3.3% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
WHO | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
Stanford (11) | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
Not stated | 45 | 48.9% | 2 | 1.6% | |||
Not stated / no intervention | 282 | 17% | Policy | 36 | 12.8% | 2 | 1.6% |
Collaboration | 27 | 9.6% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
Service Reform | 0 | 0.0% | 2 | 1.6% | |||
Law (4) | 6 | 2.1% | Â | 0.0% | |||
City Health Dept | 16 | 5.7% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
Fiscal (6) | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
Research | 21 | 7.4% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
National or philanthropc | 9 | 3.2% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
WHO Healthy Cities (9) | 35 | 12.4% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
WHO | 2 | 0.7% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
Stanford (11) | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |||
Not stated | 130 | 46.1% | 2 | 1.6% |