Table 4 The association between predisposing factors, enabling factors, need factors, and the utilization of health service 2010 − 2020: estimated from spatial panel data models

Predisposing factor

Sex ratio

-0.07(0.07)

-0.01(0.04)

0.02(0.03)

0.03(0.02)

Minority Ratio

0.06(0.02)^***

0.02(0.01)

0.01(0.01)

-0.01(0.01)

Proportion of 65-year-olds

-0.02(0.15)

0.39(0.11)^***

-0.18(0.06)

0.02(0.04)

Illiteracy rate

-0.06(0.08)

-0.15(0.07)^*

0.11(0.03)

0.02(0.03)

Average household size

2.65(0.84)

0.61(0.70)

0.58(0.35)

0.10(0.27)

Enabling factors

Ln (GDP per capita)

4.68(0.90)

1.54(0.59)^**

2.55(0.38)

1.06(0.24)^***

Percentage of medical insurance participants

-0.01(0.01)

0.03(0.01)^**

-0.01(0.00)

0.01(0.01)

Urbanization rate

-0.20(0.06)

-0.15(0.05)^**

-0.01(0.02)

0.03(0.02)

Health Resources Index

2.68(0.45)

1.93(0.30)^***

0.55(0.18)

0.09(0.13)

Need factors

Life Expectancy

0.08(0.23)

-0.05(0.16)

0.25(0.09)

0.07(0.12)

Perinatal mortality

-0.62(0.09)

-0.15(0.12)

-0.18(0.05)

0.01(0.04)

Constant

-28.44(18.84)

-22.83(29.88)

-43.29(7.70)^***

-32.29(11.28)^*

Spatially lagged effects

 Predisposing factor

Sex ratio

0.06(0.09)

0.014(0.04)

Minority Ratio

0.001(0.03)

0.02(0.01)

Proportion of 65-year-olds

-0.64(0.16)^***

-0.24(0.07)^***

Illiteracy rate

0.84(0.20)^***

0.32(0.08)^***

Average household size

-0.60(0.98)

-0.83(0.40)

 Enabling factors

Ln (GDP per capita)

1.69(0.65)^**

0.62(0.29)^*

Percentage of medical insurance participants

-0.05(0.01)^***

-0.01(0.00)^*

Urbanization rate

0.08(0.09)

-0.05(0.04)

Health resources index

-0.09(0.47)

0.12(0.19)

 Need factors

Life Expectancy

0.01(0.32)

0.14(0.13)

Perinatal mortality

-0.39(0.21)

-0.12(0.09)

R²

0.6170

0.8486

0.5819

0.8688

AIC

792.3303

462.6909

BIC

876.1997

546.5603