Table 2 Global DALYs attributable to lead exposure in 1990 and 2019, and the temporal trend from 1990 to 2019

All causes

 Both

160.25

(103.21, 221.68)

378.01

(240.55, 524.18)

0.76

(0.48, 1.05)

216.76

(138.13, 302.98)

267.52

(170.57, 373.44)

0.82

(0.53, 1.14)

-1.19

(-1.24, -1.14)

0.28

(0.23, 0.33)

 Female

58.31

(34.51, 84.98)

260.52

(150.50, 383.12)

0.56

(0.33, 0.82)

80.43

(48.18, 117.28)

188.85

(113.07, 274.64)

0.62

(0.38, 0.90)

-1.12

(-1.19, -1.05)

0.36

(0.29, 0.44)

 Male

101.94

(68.25, 136.87)

512.87

(339.34, 692.87)

0.95

(0.63, 1.28)

136.34

(88.81, 188.24)

357.56

(233.38, 493.30)

1.00

(0.67, 1.37)

-1.24

(-1.30, -1.18)

0.20

(0.15, 0.26)

Disease type

Cardiovascular diseases

128.85

(77.34, 186.47)

318.54

(190.85, 461.21)

4.50

(2.70, 6.45)

177.35

(104.88, 256.6)

216.80

(128.35, 314.82)

4.46

(2.67, 6.35)

-1.32

(-1.39, -1.25)

-0.04

(-0.16, 0.08)

 Rheumatic heart disease

3.20

(1.69, 5.44)

7.18

(3.87, 12.16)

2.53

(1.40, 4.25)

2.14

(1.07, 3.73)

2.58

(1.28, 4.55)

1.95

(1.00, 3.42)

-3.46

(-3.58, -3.34)

-0.91

(-1.02, -0.80)

 Ischemic heart disease

54.09

(31.78, 79.51)

134.35

(78.06, 199.09)

4.27

(2.50, 6.29)

83.69

(48.96, 124.49)

102.26

(59.74, 152.87)

4.56

(2.72, 6.68)

-0.94

(-1.01, -0.88)

0.22

(0.04, 0.40)

 Stroke

54.37

(32.53, 79.52)

133.36

(80.09, 195.09)

4.88

(2.94, 7.03)

67.39

(39.12, 98.16)

81.97

(47.86, 119.11)

4.64

(2.73, 6.69)

-1.66

(-1.76, -1.57)

-0.18

(-0.26, -0.09)

 Hypertensive heart disease

13.08

(5.90, 26.76)

33.36

(14.33, 69.08)

9.11

(4.15, 18.20)

17.70

(6.64, 38.45)

22.04

(8.09, 47.48)

8.20

(3.12, 17.26)

-1.43

(-1.56, -1.30)

-0.36

(-0.42, -0.31)

 Non-rheumatic valvular heart disease

0.20

(0.09, 0.35)

0.53

(0.23, 0.88)

1.18

(0.54, 1.95)

0.32

(0.15, 0.54)

0.40

(0.18, 0.68)

1.12

(0.52, 1.89)

-0.92

(-1.09, -0.75)

-0.19

(-0.25, -0.12)

 Cardiomyopathy and myocarditis

0.62

(0.26, 1.08)

1.57

(0.65, 2.70)

0.97

(0.41, 1.68)

0.74

(0.29, 1.37)

0.92

(0.36, 1.68)

0.80

(0.32, 1.47)

-1.85

(-1.88, -1.81)

-0.69

(-0.92, -0.46)

 Atrial fibrillation and flutter

1.02

(0.53, 1.65)

2.75

(1.44, 4.45)

2.50

(1.40, 3.71)

2.27

(1.25, 3.63)

2.85

(1.56, 4.57)

2.66

(1.55, 3.89)

0.13

(0.10, 0.15)

0.22

(0.19, 0.25)

 Aortic aneurysm

0.47

(0.21, 0.81)

1.15

(0.51, 2.00)

2.26

(1.06, 3.66)

0.70

(0.35, 1.15)

0.85

(0.42, 1.40)

2.08

(1.05, 3.34)

-1.06

(-1.19, -0.93)

-0.29

(-0.40, -0.19)

 Peripheral artery disease

0.10

(0.04, 0.19)

0.27

(0.11, 0.54)

1.22

(0.55, 2.08)

0.20

(0.09, 0.38)

0.25

(0.11, 0.48)

1.30

(0.60, 2.20)

-0.26

(-0.30, -0.22)

0.23

(0.19, 0.27)

 Endocarditis

0.20

(0.10, 0.33)

0.45

(0.22, 0.74)

1.97

(0.99, 3.27)

0.28

(0.13, 0.50)

0.34

(0.15, 0.62)

1.55

(0.71, 2.69)

-0.92

(-1.07, -0.77)

-0.80

(-0.84, -0.76)

 Other cardiovascular and circulatory diseases

1.50

(0.80, 2.43)

3.56

(1.94, 5.75)

2.34

(1.28, 3.67)

1.92

(1.04, 3.04)

2.33

(1.26, 3.69)

2.10

(1.16, 3.26)

-1.45

(-1.50, -1.40)

-0.36

(-0.46, -0.27)

Mental disorders

25.18

(11.43, 43.54)

44.18

(19.98, 76.61)

2.80

(1.31, 4.70)

27.16

(12.10, 48.35)

35.70

(15.89, 63.6)

2.29

(1.06, 3.89)

-0.74

(-0.75, -0.72)

-0.70

(-0.71, -0.69)

 Idiopathic developmental intellectual disability

25.18

(11.43, 43.54)

44.18

(19.98, 76.61)

66.50

(35.59, 84.36)

27.16

(12.1, 48.35)

35.70

(15.89, 63.6)

61.94

(32.07, 80.16)

-0.74

(-0.75, -0.72)

-0.25

(-0.25, -0.24)

Diabetes and kidney diseases

6.23

(3.73, 9.08)

15.29

(9.19, 22.14)

1.29

(0.76, 1.88)

12.25

(7.08, 18.18)

15.02

(8.68, 22.26)

1.09

(0.62, 1.64)

-0.06

(-0.17, 0.04)

-0.57

(-0.67, -0.47)

 Chronic kidney disease

6.23

(3.73, 9.08)

15.29

(9.19, 22.14)

3.16

(1.90, 4.63)

12.25

(7.08, 18.18)

15.02

(8.68, 22.26)

2.92

(1.70, 4.33)

-0.06

(-0.17, 0.04)

-0.28

(-0.36, -0.21)