Table 1 Global deaths attributable to lead exposure in 1990 and 2019, and the temporal trend from 1990 to 2019

All causes

 Both

529.84

(312.63, 772.03)

14.47

(8.40, 21.43)

1.30

(0.76, 1.93)

901.72

(550.91, 1288.85)

11.48

(7.00,16.49)

1.56

(0.95, 2.23)

-0.81

(-0.85, -0.77)

0.67

(0.62, 0.72)

 Female

196.71

(99.62, 309.96)

9.83

(4.87, 15.66)

1.03

(0.51, 1.64)

345.77

(188.45, 532.92)

7.88

(4.29,12.15)

1.28

(0.70, 1.96)

-0.76

(-0.87, -0.64)

0.76

(0.68, 0.83)

 Male

333.13

(210.41, 463.22)

20.52

(12.84, 28.84)

1.57

(0.99, 2.22)

555.95

(357.23, 766.84)

16.05

(10.26, 21.96)

1.84

(1.18, 2.52)

-0.85

(-0.94, -0.75)

0.53

(0.42, 0.64)

Disease type

Cardiovascular diseases

508.45

(299.71, 745.95)

13.89

(7.99, 20.55)

3.92

(2.28, 5.72)

848.78

(517.04, 1212.10)

10.80

(6.56, 15.50)

4.50

(2.77, 6.41)

-0.88

(-0.92, -0.83)

0.48

(0.41, 0.56)

 Rheumatic heart disease

9.39

(5.10, 16.10)

0.23

(0.12, 0.41)

2.55

(1.44, 4.40)

7.69

(4.09, 13.50)

0.10

(0.05, 0.17)

2.48

(1.32, 4.56)

-2.98

(-3.09, -2.88)

-0.10

(-0.21, 0.02)

 Ischemic heart disease

220.99

(124.89, 334.74)

6.12

(3.36, 9.46)

3.59

(2.00, 5.51)

413.04

(242.84, 615.75)

5.26

(3.08, 7.88)

4.46

(2.67, 6.58)

-0.54

(-0.59, -0.48)

0.74

(0.60, 0.88)

 Stroke

207.41

(124.08, 304.80)

5.53

(3.28, 8.22)

4.18

(2.52, 6.04)

305.27

(182.80, 435.67)

3.85

(2.30, 5.50)

4.57

(2.81, 6.56)

-1.25

(-1.36, -1.14)

0.31

(0.23, 0.39)

 Hypertensive heart disease

57.00

(22.33, 125.06)

1.61

(0.57, 3.54)

8.32

(3.04, 18.07)

97.49

(30.51, 225.24)

1.27

(0.39, 2.96)

8.38

(2.64, 18.73)

-0.82

(-0.97, -0.67)

0.03

(-0.02, 0.07)

 Non-rheumatic valvular heart disease

0.94

(0.41, 1.59)

0.03

(0.01, 0.05)

1.13

(0.49, 1.97)

1.92

(0.83, 3.40)

0.03

(0.01, 0.05)

1.15

(0.50, 2.06)

-0.29

(-0.49, -0.10)

0.05

(< 0.01, 0.10)

 Cardiomyopathy and myocarditis

2.56

(1.05, 4.52)

0.08

(0.03, 0.14)

1.09

(0.45, 1.97)

3.48

(1.45, 6.35)

0.04

(0.02, 0.08)

1.02

(0.43, 1.83)

-1.77

(-1.82, -1.71)

-0.22

(-0.58, 0.16)

 Atrial fibrillation and flutter

2.35

(1.21, 3.77)

0.08

(0.04, 0.13)

1.82

(0.93, 2.91)

7.10

(4.00, 11.09)

0.10

(0.05, 0.15)

2.20

(1.24, 3.34)

0.72

(0.66, 0.78)

0.64

(0.60, 0.69)

 Aortic aneurysm

1.99

(0.90, 3.39)

0.05

(0.02, 0.09)

1.97

(0.92, 3.19)

3.47

(1.74, 5.61)

0.04

(0.02, 0.07)

1.97

(1.02, 3.12)

-0.70

(-0.78, -0.62)

0.02

(-0.03, 0.06)

 Peripheral artery disease

0.30

(0.10, 0.68)

0.01

(0.00, 0.02)

0.97

(0.36, 1.79)

0.79

(0.30, 1.68)

0.01

(< 0.01, 0.02)

1.07

(0.43, 1.95)

0.24

(0.20, 0.29)

0.36

(0.30, 0.43)

 Endocarditis

0.61

(0.31, 1.02)

0.02

(0.01, 0.03)

2.13

(1.11, 3.41)

1.19

(0.55, 2.09)

0.02

(0.01, 0.03)

1.75

(0.81, 3.03)

-0.06

(-0.14, 0.02)

-0.67

(-0.71, -0.62)

 Other cardiovascular and circulatory diseases

4.90

(2.70, 7.84)

0.13

(0.07, 0.21)

2.46

(1.38, 3.75)

7.34

(4.30, 10.81)

0.09

(0.05, 0.14)

2.57

(1.56, 3.77)

-1.18

(-1.24, -1.13)

0.16

(0.11, 0.20)

Diabetes and kidney diseases

21.39

(12.89, 30.89)

0.59

(0.35, 0.85)

1.70

(1.03, 2.46)

52.94

(31.64, 76.23)

0.68

(0.40, 0.98)

1.79

(1.10, 2.56)

0.50

(0.39, 0.60)

0.15

(0.08, 0.23)

 Chronic kidney disease

21.39

(12.89, 30.89)

0.59

(0.35, 0.85)

3.63

(2.20, 5.22)

52.94

(31.64, 76.23)

0.68

(0.40, 0.98)

3.70

(2.28, 5.29)

0.50

(0.39, 0.60)

0.06

(-0.03, 0.14)