Table 2 Association between country-level structural stigma and healthcare seeking, gender identity concealment, and discrimination in healthcare

Seeking gender affirming care

Adj. OR ^a

95% CI

Sig.

 County-level structural stigma

0.753

0.571, 0.993

p = .045

Having gone abroad for gender affirming care

Adj. OR ^a

95% CI

Sig.

 County-level structural stigma

0.786

0.428, 1.419

p = .438

Gender identity concealment in health care settings

Adj. OR ^a

95% CI

Sig.

 County-level structural stigma

1.286

1.027, 1.611

p = .028

Experience of discrimination by health care personnel during the past 12 months

Adj. OR ^a

95% CI

Sig.

 County-level structural stigma

0.994

0.835, 1.185

p = .950

^aAll models are adjusted for age, sex assigned at birth, ethnicity, level of education, income, relationship status, and urbanicity at Level 1 (i.e., individual level), and for Gini coefficient at Level 2 (i.e., country level), and estimates are presented as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals.