Table 4 Odds ratios obtained by logistic regression analysis adjusted for ethnicity, Millennium Cohort Study, UK 2000–2018

Sex

Male

4029

1

Female

0.99 (0.74, 1.35)

Ethnicity ^a

White

4029

1

1

South Asian

2.47 (1.45,4.21)**

2.38 (1.41,4.03)**

Black & Other

1.80 (0.58, 5.56)

1.76 (0.74,4.15)

Maternal BMI

Healthy Weight

3557

1

1

Underweight

3.54 (1.70, 7.39)**

1.01 (0.34, 2.95)

Overweight/Obese

0.43 (0.21, 0.87)*

0.50 (0.27, 0.95)*

Paternal BMI

Healthy Weight

3257

1

1

Underweight

8.35 (1.67, 41.9)*

0.45 (0.06, 3.28)

Overweight/Obese

0.63 (0.37, 1.07)

0.29 (0.17, 0.49)***

Birthweight

Healthy birthweight

4029

1

1

Low birthweight

2.37 (1.11, 5.06)*

2.49 (1.22, 5.08)*

High birthweight

0.49 (0.24, 1.01)

0.56 (0.17, 1.81)

Premature Birth

Not Premature

3992

1

1

Premature

1.68 (0.75, 3.77)

1.26 (0.63, 2.55)

Smoking During Pregnancy

Did not smoke

4028

1

1

Smoked

1.05 (0.55, 2.00)

1.06 (0.39, 2.84)

Breastfeeding

Breastfed less than 3 months

4023

1

1

Breastfed for over 3 months

0.57 (0.33, 0.97)*

1.04 (0.61, 1.78)

Planned Pregnancy

Planning to get pregnant

2362

1

1

Pregnancy was a surprise

1.77 (1.04, 3.00)*

0.86 (0.47, 1.55)

Maternal Education

NVQ Level 4 & 5

3922

1

1

NVQ Level 3

0.76 (0.33,1.77)

0.81 (0.43, 1.50)

NVQ Level 2

1.22 (0.69,2.15)

0.69 (0.38,1.24)

NVQ Level 1

2.58 (1.28, 5.20)**

1.41 (0.49,4.10)

No educational qualification

1.98 (0.96, 4.07)

0.68 (0.34, 1.36)

Income Quintile

Highest quintile

4017

1

1

Fourth quintile

0.79 (0.37, 1.69)

0.95 (0.52, 1.76)

Third quintile

0.86 (0.39, 1.90)

0.71 (0.31, 1.65)

Second quintile

1.31 (0.63, 2.75)

0.77 (0.40, 1.53)

Lowest quintile

2.13 (1.04, 4.39)*

0.63 (0.34, 1.25)

Maternal Postnatal Depression

No Postnatal Depression

3894

1

1

Postnatal Depression

1.71 (0.92, 3.17)

1.14 (0.59, 2.18)

Mother-Infant Attachment

Secure Attachment

3394

1

1

Insecure Attachment

0.96 (0.49, 1.89)

1.61 (0.82, 3.17)

Socio-emotional Difficulties

Healthy

3717

1

1

Borderline abnormal

1.09 (0.53, 2.23)

0.43 (0.16, 1.15)

Self-esteem

Healthy self-esteem

3724

1

1

Low self-esteem

1.91 (0.93, 3.93)

2.03 (1.03, 3.99)*

Physical Activity

Met Recommended Physical Activity Levels

3795

1

1

Below Recommended Physical Activity Levels

1.40 (0.85, 2.30)

1.76 (1.05, 2.97)*