Table 3 Association between risk factor variables and adolescent weight in the Millennium Cohort Study, UK 2000–2018
From: Risk factors of persistent adolescent thinness: findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study
Cohort Member Characteristics | n | Persistent Healthy Weight | Persistently Underweight | p -value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Male | 4036 | 53.1% (1,928) | 53.0% (115) | 0.990 |
Female | 46.9% (1,877) | 47.0% (116) | |||
Ethnicity | White | 4029 | 85.8% (3,237) | 74.1% (154) | 0.003 |
South Asian | 7.2% (339) | 15.1% (57) | |||
Black & Other | 7.0% (222) | 10.8% (20) | |||
Maternal BMI | Underweight | 3563 | 4.59% (124) | 13.6% (27) |  < 0.001 |
Healthy weight | 65.7% (2,209) | 71.3% (140) | |||
Overweight/Obese | 29.7% (1,032) | 15.1% (31) | |||
Paternal BMI | Underweight | 3,264 | 0.4% (8) | 4.1% (3) |  < 0.001 |
Healthy Weight | 44.0% (701) | 54.3% (53) | |||
Overweight/Obese | 55.6% (875) | 41.6% (31) | |||
Birthweight | Low birthweight | 4036 | 5.46% (198) | 13.8% (34) |  < 0.001 |
Healthy birthweight | 82.4% (3,135) | 80.4% (182) | |||
High birthweight | 12.2% (472) | 5.81% (15) | |||
Premature Birth | Premature | 3999 | 6.17% (228) | 8.93% (22) | 0.194 |
Not Premature | 93.8% (3,541) | 91.1% (208) | |||
Smoking During Pregnancy | Smoked | 4035 | 14.5% (435) | 13.7% (22) | 0.824 |
Did not smoke | 85.6% (3,359) | 86.3% (209) | |||
Breastfeeding | Breastfed for over 3Â months | 4030 | 27.8% (1,145) | 22.9% (64) | 0.179 |
Breastfed less than 3Â months | 72.2% (2,654) | 77.1% (167) | |||
Planned Pregnancy | Planning to get pregnant | 2366 | 53.7% (1,301) | 46.0% (73) | 0.127 |
Pregnancy was a surprise | 46.3% (928) | 54.0% (64) | |||
Maternal Education | No educational qualification | 3929 | 13.9% (383) | 19.4% (34) | 0.026 |
NVQ Level 1 | 7.58% (219) | 13.3% (22) | |||
NVQ Level 2 | 28.4% (919) | 23.7% (50) | |||
NVQ Level 3 | 14.8% (568) | 11.1% (29) | |||
NVQ Level 4 & 5 | 35.4% (1,624) | 32.5% (81) | |||
Income Quintile | Lower quintile | 4024 | 18.3% (564) | 25.5% (51) | 0.142 |
Second quintile | 19.6% (691) | 21.5% (50) | |||
Third quintile | 18.6% (700) | 14.0% (31) | |||
Fourth quintile | 20.9% (862) | 17.6% (47) | |||
Highest quintile | 22.6% (978) | 21.4% (50) | |||
Maternal Postnatal Depression | Postnatal Depression | 3901 | 13.0% (430) | 18.4% (38) | 0.044 |
No postnatal depression | 87.0% (3,252) | 81.6% (181) | |||
Mother-Infant Attachment | Secure Attachment | 3401 | 87.8% (2,822) | 84.8% (152) | 0.290 |
Insecure Attachment | 12.3% (397) | 15.2% (30) | |||
Socio-emotional Difficulties | Healthy | 3724 | 88.8% (3,204) | 86.8% (175) | 0.498 |
Borderline abnormal | 11.2% (318) | 13.2% (27) | |||
Self-esteem | Low self-esteem | 3731 | 9.19% (288) | 15.9% (24) | 0.015 |
Healthy self-esteem | 90.8% (3,236) | 84.1% (183) | |||
Physical Activity | Met Recommended Physical Activity Levels | 3802 | 58.6% (2,181) | 45.9% (96) | 0.004 |
Below Recommended Physical Activity Levels | 41.3% (1,410) | 54.1% (115) | |||