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Table 1 Trends of identified determinants of anaemia in Indian tribal and general caste non-pregnant women of reproductive age using National Family Health Surveys (NFHS) from 1998–2021

From: To what extent classic socio-economic determinants explain trends of anaemia in tribal and non-tribal women of reproductive age in India? Findings from four National Family Heath Surveys (1998–2021)

Determinants of anaemia

NFHS-2 (1998–1999)

p-Value

NFHS-3 (2005–2006)

p-Value

NFHS-4 (2015–2016)

p-Value

NFHS-5 (2019–2021)

p-Value

General (%)

Tribals (%)

 

General (%)

Tribals (%)

 

General (%)

Tribals (%)

 

General (%)

Tribals (%)

 

Age

N = 25,412

N = 5,505

 

N = 30,423

N = 7,528

 

N = 127,497

N = 49,007

 

N = 119,081

N = 52,049

 

 15–30 years

46.2

53.7

 < 0.001

55.1

58.4

 < 0.001

51.3

56.1

 < 0.001

49.3

54.2

 < 0.001

 31–49 years

53.8

46.3

44.9

41.6

48.7

44

50.7

45.8

Place of residence

N = 25,412

N = 5,505

 

N = 30,423

N = 7,528

 

N = 127,497

N = 49,007

 

N = 119,081

N = 52,049

 

 Urban

35.0

10.8

 < 0.001

43.2

10.1

 < 0.001

46.6

14.9

 < 0.001

43.5

13.9

 < 0.001

 Rural

65.0

89.2

56.8

89.9

53.4

85.1

56.5

86.1

Education (years)

N = 25,398

N = 5,505

 

N = 30,418

N = 7,527

 

N = 127,497

N = 49,007

 

N = 119,081

N = 52,049

 

 Illiterate

37.8

79.3

 < 0.001

24.7

65.8

 < 0.001

15.7

45.3

 < 0.001

13.1

37.4

 < 0.001

 1–8

34.4

15.8

31.1

21.8

26.9

27.4

25.1

28.4

 9–10

14.3

3.2

20.8

8.1

21.5

14.9

22.2

17.2

 11–12

6.1

1.0

10.5

2.8

15.4

7.5

15.9

9.8

 Above 12

7.4

0.7

12.9

1.5

20.5

4.9

23.7

7.2

Wealth quintile

N = 25,412

N = 5,505

 

N = 30,423

N = 7,528

 

N = 127,497

N = 49,007

 

N = 119,081

N = 52,049

 

 5th (Richest)

23.8

2.5

 < 0.001

24.4

2.4

 < 0.001

26.5

3.1

 < 0.001

27.2

3.5

 < 0.001

 4th

23.1

5.8

23.8

4.5

24.8

8

25.4

7.7

 3rd

21.5

12.9

22.7

8.9

22.4

13.9

22.2

15.0

 2nd

18.2

28.3

18.6

25.8

17.4

26.7

16.7

27.5

 1st (Poorest)

13.4

50.5

10.5

58.4

8.9

48.7

8.5

46.3

Number of children born

N = 25,412

N = 5,505

 

N = 30,423

N = 7,528

 

N = 127,497

N = 49,007

 

N = 119,081

N = 52,049

 

 0

8.3

10.9

 < 0.001

29.3

26.2

 < 0.001

30.0

28.9

 < 0.001

29.6

30.4

 < 0.001

 1

14.3

12.3

12.4

9.7

15.4

12.1

16.1

12.0

 2

25.4

17.2

23.8

14.9

28.9

22.1

31.2

23.9

 3

20.9

19.0

15.8

16.4

14.4

17.2

13.6

17.4

  > 3

31.1

40.5

18.7

32.8

11.3

19.7

9.5

16.3

Undernutrition

N = 25,292

N = 5,477

 

N = 30,380

N = 7,515

 

N = 127,229

N = 48,890

 

N = 118,791

N = 51,935

 

 Yes

30.8

50.2

 < 0.001

29.1

50.5

 < 0.001

17.5

34.1

 < 0.001

14.8

27.4

 < 0.001

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BMC Public Health

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