Table 1 Characteristics distribution of study subjects

Sample size of questionnaire

1840

1547

1920

 Sex

0.845

  Men

925

53.3

770

49.7

959

46.7

  Women

915

46.7

777

50.3

961

53.3

 Age (years)

72.8

0.25

73.5

0.24

74.2

0.27

< 0.001

  65–69

718

35.8

486

32.1

638

30.6

< 0.001

  70–74

605

30.5

445

25.7

513

24.9

  75–79

329

19.0

366

25.9

382

19.3

  ≥ 80

188

14.8

250

16.4

387

25.1

 Education

< 0.001

  Illiterate

640

36.7

413

26.5

289

14.6

  ≤ 6 years

814

40.0

776

46.2

902

46.2

  >  6 years

379

23.4

356

27.3

725

39.2

 Marital status

0.798

  Single/divorced/widowed/separated

621

33.8

558

34.7

641

35.4

  Married/cohabitation

1210

66.2

984

65.3

1278

64.6

 Personal monthly income

< 0.001

  < NTD 10,000

1329

75.5

1237

81.0

1210

67.0

  ≥ NTD 10,000

379

24.5

249

19.0

614

33.0

 Urbanization

< 0.001

  Urban areas

843

55.9

348

33.2

536

37.7

  Rural areas

997

44.1

1199

66.8

1384

62.3

 Exercise

0.014

  No

895

44.9

587

37.9

868

46.0

  Yes

932

55.1

960

62.2

1051

54.0

 Smoking status

0.014

  No

1197

63.0

930

69.8

1321

71.1

  Ever

233

15.3

260

17.7

371

20.0

  Yes

397

21.7

190

12.5

178

8.9

 Alcohol drinking

< 0.001

  No

1347

74.8

902

68.0

1063

67.6

  Ever

124

6.7

169

10.5

126

7.1

  Yes

363

18.5

307

21.5

413

25.3

 Dietary diversity score

< 0.001

  >  4

963

57.1

857

57.9

1211

65.0

  ≤ 4

877

42.9

688

42.1

708

35.0

 Cognitive function

< 0.001

  Normal

1558

87.5

1162

89.0

–

–

  Abnormal

240

12.5

174

11.0

–

–

  Type 2 diabetes

316

16.6

348

22.3

451

23.3

< 0.001

  Hypertension

857

46.3

820

51.7

1036

53.6

< 0.001

  Heart disease

350

19.3

269

17.3

287

14.4

< 0.001

  Hyperlipidemia

137

8.1

188

13.9

234

13.4

< 0.001

  Stroke

92

5.6

89

4.9

93

4.4

0.818

  Cancer

40

2.3

47

3.5

91

4.6

< 0.001

  Chronic kidney disease

67

3.4

44

2.7

70

3.3

0.981

  Fracture

266

15.6

274

19.9

469

25.4

< 0.001

  Sample size of physical examination

1840

1023

1440

 Anthropometric measurements

  BMI (kg/m²)

23.7

0.17

24.6

0.15

24.7

0.13

0.029

  < 18.5

97

7.1

34

2.5

28

2.1

< 0.001

  18.5–23.9

625

47.9

373

41.6

444

42.4

  24–26.9

413

28.0

314

33.6

303

32.1

  ≥ 27

251

17.0

226

22.3

258

23.4

  Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

134.4

0.98

129.4

0.88

129.3

0.85

0.001

  Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

75.1

0.57

71.7

0.58

73.2

0.46

< 0.001

  Waist circumference (cm)

83.8

0.31

86.5

0.41

88.2

0.32

< 0.001