Table 4 Relationship between personal factors and PHS, HC, and HPLP for university students with different majors

 Male

3.39 ± 0.91

3.89 ± 0.64

3.49 ± 0.65

3.35 ± 0.91

3.83 ± 0.65

3.41 ± 0.76

 Female

3.33 ± 0.96

3.95 ± 0.59

3.34 ± 0.67

3.16 ± 0.96

3.79 ± 0.59

3.20 ± 0.59

 p-value^a

0.467

0.366

0.022^*

0.015^*

0.429

<0.001^***

 Lower-division

3.36 ± 0.98

3.91 ± 0.59

3.36 ± 0.67

3.24 ± 0.93

3.77 ± 0.63

3.29 ± 0.68

 Upper-division

3.33 ± 0.90

3.95 ± 0.63

3.43 ± 0.67

3.28 ± 0.96

3.87 ± 0.60

3.32 ± 0.70

 p-value^a

0.689

0.411

0.256

0.645

0.051

0.512

 With relatives

3.40 ± 0.89 ^ab

3.81 ± 0.63 ^b

3.35 ± 0.66 ^ab

3.28 ± 0.89

3.81 ± 0.68

3.32 ± 0.72

 On-Campus

3.51 ± 0.93 ^a

4.04 ± 0.60 ^a

3.54 ± 0.69 ^a

3.29 ± 0.94

3.77 ± 0.58

3.27 ± 0.62

 Off-campus

3.17 ± 0.99 ^b

3.97 ± 0.56 ^ab

3.31 ± 0.65 ^b

3.18 ± 1.00

3.86 ± 0.60

3.32 ± 0.73

 p-value^b

0.008^**

0.003^**

0.009^**

0.458

0.345

0.699

 ≤ 10,000 TWD

3.29 ± 1.00

4.00 ± 0.63

3.41 ± 0.73

3.18 ± 0.94 ^b

3.81 ± 0.62

3.22 ± 0.69^b

 10,001–15,000 TWD

3.29 ± 0.88

3.84 ± 0.55

3.32 ± 0.57

3.27 ± 0.89 ^ab

3.75 ± 0.59

3.31 ± 0.60^b

 ≥ 15,001 TWD

3.55 ± 0.86

3.83 ± 0.58

3.39 ± 0.61

3.48 ± 0.98 ^a

3.90 ± 0.65

3.57 ± 0.73^a

 p-value^b

0.050^N.S.

0.014^N.S.

0.509

0.017^*

0.159

<0.001^***

 < 18.5

3.63 ± 0.88 ^a

3.90 ± 0.62

3.49 ± 0.67

3.08 ± 0.98 ^b

3.84 ± 0.56

3.24 ± 0.67

 18.5–23.9

3.32 ± 0.94 ^ab

3.94 ± 0.58

3.38 ± 0.66

3.34 ± 0.94 ^a

3.85 ± 0.60

3.35 ± 0.67

 ≥ 24.0

3.22 ± 0.98 ^b

3.89 ± 0.68

3.34 ± 0.70

3.19 ± 0.88 ^ab

3.68 ± 0.70

3.22 ± 0.75

 p-value^b

0.016^*

0.766

0.385

0.025^*

0.025^N.S.

0.089

 < 4 h

2.53 ± 0.82 ^c

3.84 ± 0.76

3.09 ± 0.73 ^b

2.88 ± 1.10 ^b

3.39 ± 0.74^b

2.94 ± 0.90^b

 4–6.9 h

3.08 ± 0.96 ^b

3.84 ± 0.59

3.28 ± 0.66 ^ab

3.13 ± 0.90 ^ab

3.80 ± 0.58^a

3.24 ± 0.61^a

 ≥ 7 h

3.58 ± 0.87 ^a

3.99 ± 0.60

3.48 ± 0.66 ^a

3.40 ± 0.92 ^a

3.87 ± 0.62^a

3.40 ± 0.70^a

 p-value^b

<0.001^***

0.032^N.S.

0.001^**

<0.001^***

<0.001^***

<0.001^***

 < 3 h

3.39 ± 0.89

3.84 ± 0.68

3.34 ± 0.72

3.13 ± 1.04

3.69 ± 0.74

3.30 ± 0.75

 3–5.9 h

3.26 ± 0.97

3.92 ± 0.60

3.32 ± 0.73

3.31 ± 0.96

3.83 ± 0.64

3.34 ± 0.68

 ≥ 6 h

3.38 ± 0.95

3.95 ± 0.59

3.43 ± 0.62

3.24 ± 0.90

3.81 ± 0.58

3.28 ± 0.68

 p-value^b

0.467

0.403

0.244

0.379

0.276

0.636

 ≤ 75 min

3.27 ± 0.95

3.89 ± 0.64

3.23 ± 0.71 ^b

3.08 ± 0.98 ^b

3.77 ± 0.65 ^b

3.16 ± 0.74^b

 76–150 min

3.45 ± 0.99

3.94 ± 0.58

3.52 ± 0.61 ^a

3.29 ± 0.84 ^b

3.78 ± 0.57 ^ab

3.35 ± 0.56^a

 ≥ 151 min

3.38 ± 0.86

3.98 ± 0.57

3.55 ± 0.58 ^a

3.52 ± 0.94 ^a

3.93 ± 0.63 ^a

3.50 ± 0.72^a

 p-value^b

0.177

0.456

<0.001^***

<0.001^***

0.034^*

<0.001^***

 None

3.23 ± 0.79

3.50 ± 0.57 ^b

3.32 ± 0.62

3.43 ± 1.14

3.09 ± 1.08^b

3.38 ± 1.20

 1–14 times

3.42 ± 0.88

3.91 ± 0.61 ^a

3.41 ± 0.68

3.31 ± 0.93

3.83 ± 0.62^a

3.37 ± 0.67

 ≥ 15 times

3.28 ± 1.02

3.97 ± 0.60 ^a

3.37 ± 0.66

3.20 ± 0.94

3.81 ± 0.59^a

3.24 ± 0.68

 p-value^b

0.273

0.044^*

0.770

0.320

0.001^**

0.060

 None

3.43 ± 0.96

4.01 ± 0.64

3.45 ± 0.68

3.20 ± 0.93

3.72 ± 0.68

3.28 ± 0.71

 1–3 times

3.32 ± 0.95

3.92 ± 0.58

3.33 ± 0.66

3.23 ± 0.94

3.82 ± 0.60

3.28 ± 0.66

 ≥ 4 times

3.33 ± 0.94

3.89 ± 0.61

3.41 ± 0.67

3.30 ± 0.94

3.84 ± 0.60

3.33 ± 0.71

 p-value^b

0.627

0.332

0.335

0.596

0.146

0.628