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Table 3 Multilevel regression analysis showing the factors associated with full vaccination coverage of children aged 12–35 months in Bangladesh

From: Factors influencing and changes in childhood vaccination coverage over time in Bangladesh: a multilevel mixed-effects analysis

Variables

2011

2014

2017-18

Pooled

AOR (95% CI)

p value

AOR (95% CI)

p value

AOR (95% CI)

p value

AOR (95% CI)

p value

Individual and household level variables

Sex of child

  

Male

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Female

0.69 (0.55, 0.88)

0.002

1.00 (0.80, 1.26)

0.990

1.06 (0.83, 1.35)

0.650

0.93 (0.81, 1.05)

0.241

Current age of child

  

12–23 months

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

24–35 months

1.31 (1.03, 1.67)

0.029

1.63 (1.29, 2.06)

< 0.001

1.31 (1.03, 1.69)

0.031

1.40 (1.22, 1.59)

< 0.001

Maternal age

  

< 25 years

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

25–34 years

0.91 (0.66, 1.25)

0.553

1.58 (1.15, 2.17)

0.004

1.51 (1.09, 2.08)

0.014

1.30 (1.09, 1.54)

0.004

> 34 years

0.80 (0.48, 1.35)

0.404

2.06 (1.21, 3.51)

0.008

1.78 (0.98, 3.22)

0.059

1.39 (1.03, 1.87)

0.031

Maternal education

  

No education

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Primary

1.45 (1.06, 1.99)

0.020

1.54 (1.11, 2.13)

0.010

1.44 (0.94, 2.22)

0.094

1.53 (1.27, 1.84)

< 0.001

Secondary

2.31 (1.59, 3.34)

< 0.001

2.11 (1.47, 3.03)

< 0.001

2.36 (1.49, 3.74)

< 0.001

2.39 (1.94, 2.94)

< 0.001

Higher

7.28 (3.05, 17.39)

< 0.001

4.29 (2.22, 8.32)

< 0.001

3.79 (2.05, 7.02)

< 0.001

4.51 (3.15, 6.45)

< 0.001

Wealth index

  

Poor

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Middle

1.14 (0.81, 1.61)

0.437

1.10 (0.79, 1.54)

0.574

1.09 (0.74, 1.59)

0.667

1.11 (0.92, 1.35)

0.266

Rich

1.46 (1.01, 2.12)

0.045

1.45 (1.01, 2.12)

0.049

1.00 (0.68, 1.47)

0.998

1.27 (1.04, 1.55)

0.020

Media access

  

Never/ less than once

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

At least once a week

0.86 (0.64, 1.15)

0.309

1.35 (0.99, 1.82)

0.053

0.90 (0.67, 1.22)

0.508

1.07 (0.91, 1.26)

0.412

Place of delivery

  

Home

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Health facility

1.44 (1.01, 2.04)

0.042

0.90 (0.68, 1.20)

0.480

1.28 (0.96, 1.70)

0.087

1.15 (0.97, 1.35)

0.103

ANC visit

  

No visit

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

1 to 3 visits

1.42 (0.96, 2.10)

0.079

1.49 (1.12, 1.99)

0.007

1.13 (0.74, 1.73)

0.580

1.41 (1.19. 1.66)

< 0.001

4 or more visits

1.52 (1.14, 2.03)

0.005

1.73 (1.19, 2.50)

0.004

1.63 (1.01, 2.61)

0.044

1.77 (1.44, 2.17)

< 0.001

Others#

0.90 (0.57, 1.40)

0.635

1.26 (0.77, 2.07)

0.348

1.22 (0.66, 2.26)

0.521

1.09 (0.83, 1.43)

0.533

Number of children

  

Single

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Two

0.89 (0.64, 1.23)

0.465

1.02 (0.75, 1.39)

0.900

0.94 (0.68, 1.30)

0.702

0.97 (0.81, 1.16)

0.730

More than two

1.13 (0.76, 1.69)

0.553

0.63 (0.43, 0.93)

0.021

0.89 (0.58, 1.38)

0.612

0.86 (0.69, 1.08)

0.195

Community level variables

  

Divisions

  

Barisal

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Chittagong

0.79 (0.47, 1.32)

0.364

1.01 (0.60, 1.68)

0.967

0.99 (0.56, 1.75)

0.983

0.91 (0.66, 1.25)

0.555

Dhaka

1.03 (0.60, 1.79)

0.902

1.05 (0.62, 1.79)

0.845

1.17 (0.69, 1.98)

0.562

1.21 (0.90, 1.62)

0.209

Khulna

1.35 (0.72, 2.54)

0.353

0.74 (0.42, 1.30)

0.292

1.32 (0.67, 2.59)

0.424

1.04 (0.73, 1.49)

0.819

Rajshahi

1.72 (0.94, 3.15)

0.078

1.33 (0.76, 2.35)

0.317

1.43 (0.75, 2.70)

0.276

1.62 (1.13, 2.31)

0.008

Rangpur

1.51 (0.83, 2.73)

0.177

2.10 (1.16, 3.81)

0.015

1.65 (0.86, 3.15)

0.133

1.72 (1.32, 2.79)

0.041

Sylhet

0.85 (0.50, 1.46)

0.556

0.37 (0.23, 0.61)

< 0.001

0.98 (0.55, 1.73)

0.938

0.97 (0.65, 1.45)

0.883

Place of residence

  

Urban

1.10 (0.77, 1.56)

0.596

1.48 (1.06, 2.06)

0.021

1.24 (0.88, 1.74)

0.217

1.25 (1.05, 1.49)

0.012

Rural

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Community literacy level of women

  

High

1.46 (1.04, 2.06)

0.030

1.19 (0.86, 1.64)

0.293

1.46 (1.03, 2.05)

0.032

1.36 (1.12, 1.65)

0.002

Low

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Community wealth index level

  

High

1.21 (0.85, 1.73)

0.294

0.85 (0.60, 1.22)

0.390

0.96 (0.65, 1.42)

0.845

1.03 (0.84, 1.27)

0.747

Low

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Community media exposure

  

High

1.19 (0.83, 1.70)

0.353

1.00 (0.70, 1.42)

0.992

0.96 (0.66, 1.40)

0.826

1.02 (0.83, 1.26)

0.842

Low

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Random-effect parameters

Cluster effects (95% CI)

0.78 (0.60, 1.01)

< 0.001

0.79 (0.62, 0.99)

< 0.001

0.88 (0.69, 1.12)

< 0.001

0.59 (0.50, 0.70)

< 0.001

ICC (95% CI)

0.16 (0.09, 0.23)

 

0.16 (0.11, 0.23)

 

0.19 (0.13, 0.28)

 

0.10 (0.07, 0.13)

 

AIC

2198.66

 

2364.61

 

2165.996

 

6794.70

 
  1. # Others included missing values and don’t know,
  2. The bolded p values indicate the statistical significance, AOR = Adjusted Odds ratio, CI = Confidence Interval
  3. ICC = Intraclass Correlation Coefficient; AIC = Akaike’s Information Criterion
  4. a Significance of cluster random effects is assessed using log-likelihood ratio test (LR test vs. logistic model)
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