Table 1 Pre-Pandemic Health Context across the 4 Countries

Population

92 million

206 million

17 million

42 million

Life expectancy from birth (Japan and Singapore have longest, about 85years)

65.1years

64.3yrs

68.5yrs

66.2yrs

Universal health care effective coverage index (0-100)

45

38

50

53

DTP3 coverage in children in 2019

48%

50%

93%

87%

In-facility births

85%

49%

84%

79%

Maternal mortality ratio

(SDG3.1 is 140/100,000 by 2030)

345 per 100,000 live births

233 per 100,000 live births

379 per 100,000 live births

133 per 100,000

live births

Doctors, nurses, midwives per capita. Benchmark is 4.45 to achieve universal health coverage

1.2:1000

1.6:1000

0.4 :1000

1.4 : 1000

Total health expenditure per capita (% of GDP). Benchmark in health financing is $86/person or 5% of GDP to achieve Universal Health Coverage

$20

3.6%

$83

3.5%

$65

4.7%

$48

6.4%

Out of pocket health expenditure (% of total health expenditure)

$9 per capita

45%

$63per capita

76%

$31 per capita

47%

$19 per capita

40%