Fig. 1A-1F

Effects of study group on main outcomes of interest in Study 1 (n = 41) and Study 2 (n = 47). While some group differences were in the expected direction, there were no overall significant intervention effects on key outcomes of interest in Study 1, nor were any of the comparisons of least squares means at individual time points significant. In Study 2, in which winter traction cleats were provided to address barriers, and engagement in the intervention was higher, results were in the expected direction for all outcomes. The intervention group hiked more frequently than the control group, with statistically significant overall group effects and between-group differences at post-intervention (p < 0.05), and there was a trend toward increased nightly sleep duration by post-intervention (p = 0.07). Cohen’s d values for the group differences at post-intervention in Study 2 are: hiking frequency d = 0.67, sleep duration d = 0.55, stress d = 0.42. Values shown are least squares (LS) means and standard errors from repeated measures models. Results were similar when repeating analyses in all randomized participants (n = 53; n = 51). Symbols indicate that LS means at the indicated time point differed between groups at *p < 0.05; #p < 0.10