Determinants of motorcycle helmet availability and cost in retail outlets: outcomes of a market survey in northern Ghana

Table 5 Factors associated with the average cost of standard helmets in retail outlets

	Unadjusted			Adjusted
Variable	exp (β)	95%CI	p-value	exp (β)	95%CI	p-value
Type of retail outlet
Automobile/Motorcycle shop
Informal road/street vendor	0.73	0.65 – 0.83	0.001	0.84	0.76 – 0.93	0.001
Supermarket	0.94	0.67 – 1.30	0.707	0.91	0.71 – 1.15	0.426
Motorcycle repair shop	0.73	0.64 – 0.82	0.001	0.79	0.67 – 0.93	0.005
Location of retail outlet
Within CBD
Outside CBD	1.15	0.96 – 1.39	0.135	1.10	0.96 – 1.27	0.158
Age (years) of respondent^a	1.01	0.99 – 1.02	0.105	1.01	1.00 – 1.03	0.026
Sex of respondent
Female
Male	1.17	1.00 – 1.38	0.043	1.14	1.01 – 1.29	0.030
Level of education
Basic school
Senior high school	1.16	1.04 – 1.28	0.005	1.12	1.01 – 1.23	0.027
Tertiary	1.92	1.32 – 2.79	0.001	1.56	1.12 – 2.19	0.009
Religion
Muslim
Christian	0.76	0.65 – 0.89	0.001	0.91	0.81 – 1.03	0.143
Nationality
Ghanaian
Non-Ghanaian	0.77	0.67 – 0.89	0.001	0.90	0.80 – 1.02	0.108
Was respondent the owner of the retail outlet
No
Yes	0.83	0.69 – 1.01	0.058	0.75	0.63 – 0.88	0.001
All helmets sold are standard helmet
No
Yes	1.08	0.91 – 1.29	0.354

exp (β)- Exponent of the coefficient (β) of the gamma regression model, CBD Central Business District, Deviance goodness-of-fit test (deviance = 29.10, p = 1.00), ^aAge was considered as both categorical and linear specification but the model with age as linear specification performed better than the one with the age as categorical (AIC = 2391.14 vs. 2396.72)

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