Interplay of gestational parent exposure to ambient air pollution and diet characteristics on preterm birth

Jardel, Hanna; Martin, Chantel L; Hoyo, Cathrine; Rappazzo, Kristen M

doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15676-x

BMC Public Health

Table 1 Study population (n = 1505) characteristics at enrollment (overall and by preterm birth)

From: Interplay of gestational parent exposure to ambient air pollution and diet characteristics on preterm birth

	All participants (n = 1505)		Preterm births (n = 135)		Term births (n = 1209)		Missing gestational age (n = 161)
	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
Gestational parent age at delivery (y)
< 20	60	3.99	2	1.48	58	4.80	--		--
25–29	742	49.30	67	49.63	673	55.67	2		1.24
30–34	347	23.06	34	25.19	312	25.81	1		0.62
35–39	169	11.23	29	21.48	140	11.58	--		--
≥ 40	28	1.86	3	2.22	25	2.07	--		--
Missing	159	10.56	--	--	1	0.08	158		98.14
Gestational parent race & Hispanic ethnicity^a
Black	595	39.53	69	51.11	470	38.88	56		34.78
Non-Hispanic white	422	28.04	33	24.44	357	29.53	32		19.88
Hispanic/other	454	30.17	33	24.44	382	31.60	39		24.22
Missing	34	2.26	--	--	--	--	34		21.12
Education
No high school (HS) diploma	163	10.83	12	8.89	142	11.75	9		5.59
HS diploma/GED/some college (no degree)	1052	69.90	103	76.30	827	68.40	122		75.78
College degree	273	18.14	18	13.33	228	18.86	27		16.77
Missing	17	1.13	2	1.48	12	0.99	3		1.86
Conception season^b
Winter	260	17.28	28	20.74	232	19.19	--		--
Spring	304	20.20	30	22.22	274	22.66	--		--
Summer	396	26.31	37	27.41	359	29.69	--		--
Fall	384	25.51	40	29.63	344	28.45	--		--
Missing	161	10.70	--	--	--	--	161		100.00
Household income during pregnancy
< $10,000	321	21.33	36	26.67	248	20.51	37		22.98
$10,000 - $49,999	491	32.62	44	32.59	405	33.50	42		26.09
≥ $50,000	406	26.98	34	25.19	323	26.72	49		30.43
Missing	287	19.07	21	15.56	233	19.27	33		20.50
Pre-pregnancy BMI category (kg/m²)
Under/normal weight (< 25)	595	39.53	36	26.67	512	42.35	47		29.19
Overweight (25–29)	398	26.45	42	31.11	321	26.55	35		21.74
Obese (≥ 30)	455	30.23	55	40.74	363	30.02	37		22.98
Missing	57	3.79	2	1.48	13	1.08	42		26.09
Energy intake (kcal)^cd
Low^e	569	37.81	55	40.74	512	42.35	2		1.24
High	175	11.63	27	20.00	148	12.24	--		--
Missing	761	50.56	53	39.26	549	45.41	159		98.76
Fat intake (%)^e
Low	557	37.01	59	43.70	497	41.11	1		0.62
High	187	12.43	23	17.04	163	13.48	1		0.62
Missing	761	50.56	53	39.26	549	45.41	159		98.76
Saturated fat intake (%)^f
Low	553	36.74	63	46.67	489	40.45	1		0.62
High	191	12.69	19	14.07	171	14.14	1		0.62
Missing	761	50.56	53	39.26	549	45.41	159		98.76

All data were from the Newborn Epigenetics Study (NEST) prospective birth cohort of individuals who delivered at Duke University Hospital or Durham Regional Hospital Obstetrics between 2009 and 2011.
a Self-classified non-Hispanic white, Black (Hispanic and non-Hispanic), other (Hispanic and non-Hispanic)
b Astronomical seasons: Spring (March 21st – June 19th ), Summer (June 20th – September 21st ), Fall (September 22nd – December 20th ), Winter (December 21st – March 20th )
c derived from food frequency questionnaire
d Kcal/day at 75th percentile (2844 kcals)
e Percent of caloric intake attributed to total fat at 75th percentile (35.265%)
f Percent of caloric intake attributed to saturated fat at 75th percentile (11.775%)

Back to article page

ISSN: 1471-2458

Contact us

Submission enquiries: bmcpublichealth@biomedcentral.com
General enquiries: ORSupport@springernature.com