Table 4 Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) by characteristics

Binswanger et al. 2013 [35]

Overdose death after release

Observed deaths, n = 533

Expected deaths, n = 52

10.33 (9.61–11.10)

Forsyth et al. 2018 [45]

Drug-related mortality

Observed deaths, n = 14

Expected deaths, n = 0.43

32 (19–55)

Larochelle et al. 2019 [53]

Fatal opioid overdose

11–49 years: Release from incarceration in past 12 months

Opioid deaths, n = 113

30.3 (24.7–35.9)

 ≥ 50 years: Release from incarceration in past 12 months

Opioid deaths, n = 13

27.8 (12.7–42.9)

Female: Release from incarceration in past 12 months

Opioid deaths, n = 39

92.4 (63.4–121)

Male: Release from incarceration in past 12 months

Opioid deaths, n = 87

23.0 (18.2–27.9)

Lim et al. 2012 [54]

Drug-related death

Age 16–24 years

Deaths, n = 9

2.2 (1.0–4.2)

Age 25–34 years

Deaths, n = 31

2.3 (1.5–3.2)

Age 35–44 years

Deaths, n = 90

2.1 (1.7–2.6)

Age 45–54 years

Deaths, n = 76

2.1 (1.7–2.7)

Age 55–64 years

Deaths, n = 11

2.4 (1.2–4.3)

Age 65–89 years

Deaths, n = 2

9.5 (1.2–34.4)

Sex: Female

Deaths, n = 39

5.9 (4.2–8.1)

Sex: Male

Deaths, n = 180

1.9 (1.6–2.2)

Race/ethnicity: Non-Hispanic white

Deaths, n = 63

5.2 (4.0–6.6)

Race/ethnicity: Non-Hispanic black

Deaths, n = 81

1.4 (1.1–1.8)

Race/ethnicity: Hispanic

Deaths, n = 72

2.4 (1.9–3.0)

Race/ethnicity: Asian

Deaths, n = 0

Race/ethnicity: Other

Deaths, n = 3

1.6 (0.3–4.6)

Neighbourhood income: Low

Deaths, n = 117

1.7 (1.4–2.0)

Neighbourhood income: Middle

Deaths, n = 75

3.4 (2.7–4.3)

Neighbourhood income: High

Deaths, n = 27

3.3 (2.2–4.9)

Pizzicato et al. 2018 [56]

Overdose deaths

Overall

Observed deaths, n = 837

Expected deaths, n = 158

5.29 (4.93–5.65)

Age 15–24

Observed deaths, n = 64

Expected deaths, n = 2

37.31 (28.17–46.45)

Age 25–34

Observed deaths, n = 257

Expected deaths, n = 39

6.54 (5.74–7.34)

Age 35–44

Observed deaths, n = 221

Expected deaths, n = 46

4.76 (4.14–5.40)

Age 45–54

Observed deaths, n = 193

Expected deaths, n = 48

3.99 (3.43–4.56)

Age 55–84

Observed deaths, n = 102

Expected deaths, n = 23

4.50 (3.63–5.38)

Sex: Female

Observed deaths, n = 194

Expected deaths, n = 15

12.65 (10.87–14.43)

Sex: Male

Observed deaths, n = 643

Expected deaths, n = 143

4.50 (4.15–4.84)

Race: White, non-Hispanic

Observed deaths, n = 443

Expected deaths, n = 39

11.23 (10.19–12.28)

Race: Black, non-Hispanic

Observed deaths, n = 256

Expected deaths, n = 79

3.25 (2.85–3.65)

Race: Hispanic

Observed deaths, n = 129

Expected deaths, n = 26

5.52 (4.18–5.93)

Race: Other

Observed deaths, n = 9

Expected deaths, n = 15

0.62 (0.21–1.02)

Spaulding et al. 2011 [23]

Accidental poisoning (drug overdose)

Observed deaths, n = 80

Expected deaths, n = 23

3.48 (2.76–4.33)