Table 1 Sample Characteristics
From: Location, age, and race matter: a path model of emotional distress in the U.S. during COVID-19
µ (SD) or n (%) People of Color (a) | µ (SD) or n (%) White (ref,) | µ (SD) or n (%) Rural Context (b) | µ (SD) or n (%) Urban Context (ref,) | µ (SD) or n (%) Overall | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (a+) (b) | 36.02 (12.09)+ | 40.12 (12.94) | 38.58(12.16) | 39.27 (12.94) | 39.11 (12.85) |
Sex (a) (b*) | |||||
Male | 102(43.8%) | 340 (47.6%) | 48 (42.1%) | 371 (45.1%) | 442 (46.7%) |
Female | 131 (56.2%) | 374 (52.4%) | 66 (57.9%) | 451 (54.9%) | 505 (53.3%) |
Income (a*) (b*) | |||||
$0-$9,999 | 28 (12.8%) | 45 (6.8%) | 11 (10.3%) | 61 (8.0%) | 73 (7.7%) |
$10,000-$14,999 | 16 (7.3%) | 36 (5.5%) | 9 (8.4%) | 43 (5.7%) | 52 (5.5%) |
$15,000-$19,999 | 12 (5.5%) | 35 (5.5%) | 10 (9.3%) | 36 (4.7%) | 47 (5.0%) |
$20,000-$34,999 | 38 (17.4%) | 93 (14.2%) | 19 (17.8%) | 111 (14.6%) | 131 (13.8%) |
$35,000-$49,999 | 42 (19.3%) | 95 (14.5%) | 19 (17.8%) | 117 (15.4%) | 137 (14.5%) |
$50,000-$74,999 | 40 (18.3%) | 123 (18.7%) | 18 (16.8%) | 141 (18.6%) | 163 (17.2%) |
$75,000-$99,999 | 18 (8.3%) | 99 (15.1%) | 16 (15.0%) | 99 (13.1%) | 117 (12.4%) |
$100,000-$199,999 | 17 (7.8%) | 101 (15.4%) | 5 (4.6%) | 113 (14.9%) | 118 (12.5%) |
$200,000 or more | 7 (3.2%) | 30 (4.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 37 (4.9%) | 37 (3.9%) |
Education (a) (b*) | |||||
< 8 Years | 10 (4.6%) | 15 (2.3%) | 3 (2.8%) | 21 (2.8%) | 25 (2.6%) |
8–11 Years | 14 (6.4%) | 31 (4.7%) | 6 (5.6%) | 38 (5.0%) | 45 (4.8%) |
12 Years or High School | 35 (16.1%) | 108 (16.4%) | 24 (22.4%) | 118 (15.6%) | 143 (15.1%) |
Post HS training outside College | 4 (1.8%) | 16 (2.4%) | 4 (3.7%) | 15 (2.0%) | 20 (2.1%) |
Some College | 34 (15.6%) | 115 (17.5%) | 26 (24.3%) | 122 (16.1%) | 149 (15.7%) |
College Graduate | 91 (41.7%) | 234 (35.6%) | 38 (35.5%) | 283 (37.3%) | 325 (34.3%) |
Postgraduate | 30 (13.8%) | 138 (21.1%) | 6 (5.6%) | 161 (21.2%) | 168 (17.7%) |
Occupational Status (a*) (b+) | |||||
Employed | 150 (68.8%) | 483 (73.5%) | 60 (56.1%) | 566 (74.7%) | 633 (66.8%) |
Unemployed | 27 (12.4%) | 49 (7.5%) | 19 (17.8%) | 56 (7.4%) | 76 (8.0%) |
Homemaker | 10 (4.6%) | 45 (6.8%) | 6 (5.6%) | 49 (6.5%) | 55 (5.8%) |
Student | 16 (7.3%) | 15 (2.3%) | 5 (4.7%) | 25 (3.3%) | 31 (3.3%) |
Retired | 10 (4.6%) | 41 (6.2%) | 9 (8.4%) | 41 (5.4%) | 51 (5.4%) |
Disabled | 4 (1.8%) | 18 (2.7%) | 7 (6.5%) | 15 (2.0%) | 22 (2.3%) |
Other | 1 (0.5%) | 6 (1.0%) | 1 (0.9%) | 6 (1.0%) | 7 (0.7%) |
Alcohol Intoxication (Days Used) (a) (b) | 3.54 (6.60) | 3.15 (6.04) | 1.43 (5.48) | 3.48 (6.23) | 3.24 (6.16) |
Anxiety (GAD-7) (a*) (b) | 1.40 (0.86) | 1.24 (0.89) | 1.29 (0.86) | 1.27 (0.89) | 1.28 (0.88) |
Depression (PHQ-2) (a*) (b) | 1.38 (0.95) | 1.19 (0.96) | 1.16 (0.97) | 1.24 (0.96) | 1.24 (0.96) |
Financial Strain (EPII) (a) (b*) | 0.33 (0.39) | 0.29 (0.36) | 0.23 (0.35) | 0.31 (0.37) | 0.30 (0.37) |
Emotional Distress (a*) (b) | 1.52 (0.73) | 1.38 (0.79) | 1.40 (0.77) | 1.41 (0.78) | 1.41 (0.77) |
Total | 233 (24.60%) | 714 (75.40%) | 114 (12.04%) | 833 (87.96%) | 947 (100%) |