Table 2 The prevalence of cigarette, waterpipe, and pipe users in the Tehran Cohort Study
| Â | Cigarette | Waterpipe | Pipe | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Former smoker (n = 350) | Current smoker (n = 1231) | Former user (n = 44) | Current user (n = 449) | Former user (n = 9) | Current user (n = 44) |
Age, year | 60.6 ± 13.00 | 53.2 ± 11.88 | 54.4 ± 16.69 | 46.1 ± 10.91 | 54.2 ± 15.86 | 55.1 ± 12.88 |
Age category, year | ||||||
 35–44 | 49 (2.1) | 343 (14.8) | 19 (0.8) | 259 (11.2) | 4 (0.2) | 10 (0.4) |
 45–54 | 67 (3.0) | 345 (15.7) | 5 (0.2) | 91 (4.1) | 1 (0.0) | 10 (0.5) |
 55–64 | 83 (4.2) | 319 (16.3) | 6 (0.3) | 65 (3.3) | 1 (0.1) | 16 (0.8) |
 65–74 | 103 (8.5) | 173 (14.4) | 6 (0.5) | 24 (2.0) | 2 (0.2) | 4 (0.3) |
  ≥ 75 | 48 (8.5) | 51 (9.1) | 8 (1.4) | 10 (1.8) | 1 (0.2) | 4 (0.7) |
Sex | ||||||
 Women | 40 (0.9) | 219 (4.9) | 12 (0.3) | 148 (3.3) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (0.1) |
 Men | 310 (8.2) | 1012 (26.8) | 32 (0.8) | 301 (7.9) | 9 (0.2) | 39 (1.0) |
Marital status | ||||||
 Non-married | 4 (6.0) | 5 (7.5) | 2 (3.0) | 4 (6.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
 Married | 346 (4.2) | 1225 (15.0) | 41 (0.5) | 445 (5.4) | 9 (0.1) | 44 (0.5) |
Education, year | ||||||
 Illiterate | 26 (4.5) | 47 (8.1) | 6 (1.0) | 11 (1.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) |
 1–5 | 42 (5.0) | 100 (12.0) | 6 (0.7) | 29 (3.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) |
 6–12 | 190 (4.4) | 722 (16.8) | 21 (0.5) | 259 (6.0) | 2 (0.0) | 18 (0.4) |
  > 12 | 92 (3.6) | 361 (14.3) | 10 (0.4) | 150 (5.9) | 7 (0.3) | 24 (0.9) |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | ||||||
  < 20 | 8 (3.6) | 67 (29.8) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (2.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) |
 20–24.9 | 88 (4.3) | 384 (18.6) | 12 (0.6) | 101 (4.9) | 0 (0.0) | 11 (0.5) |
 25–29.9 | 151 (4.4) | 500 (14.6) | 20 (0.6) | 202 (5.9) | 7 (0.2) | 21 (0.6) |
 30–34.9 | 71 (4.0) | 208 (11.6) | 10 (0.6) | 107 (6.0) | 1 (0.1) | 5 (0.3) |
  ≥ 35 | 27 (4.0) | 64 (9.4) | 2 (0.3) | 33 (4.8) | 1 (0.1) | 5 (0.7) |
Physical activity | ||||||
 Low | 77 (5.3) | 206 (14.3) | 11 (0.8) | 44 (3.0) | 2 (0.1) | 7 (0.5) |
 Intermediate | 181 (3.8) | 666 (14.0) | 26 (0.5) | 253 (5.3) | 5 (0.1) | 15 (0.3) |
 High | 91 (4.6) | 336 (16.9) | 6 (0.3) | 146 (7.3) | 2 (0.1) | 19 (1.0) |
Opium consumption | ||||||
 No | 283 (3.6) | 946 (12.2) | 35 (0.4) | 414 (5.3) | 4 (0.1) | 35 (0.4) |
 Yes | 65 (14.9) | 269 (61.6) | 9 (2.1) | 30 (6.9) | 5 (1.1) | 9 (2.1) |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||
 No | 256 (3.4) | 888 (11.9) | 25 (0.3) | 308 (4.1) | 1 (0.0) | 29 (0.4) |
 Yes | 91 (12.4) | 330 (44.8) | 19 (2.6) | 138 (18.8) | 7 (1.0) | 14 (1.9) |
Hypertension | ||||||
 No | 210 (3.5) | 969 (16.4) | 28 (0.5) | 385 (6.5) | 6 (0.1) | 31 (0.5) |
 Yes | 140 (6.1) | 261 (11.3) | 16 (0.7) | 64 (2.8) | 3 (0.1) | 13 (0.6) |
Diabetes mellitus | ||||||
 No | 272 (3.9) | 1077 (15.5) | 40 (0.6) | 398 (5.7) | 6 (0.1) | 40 (0.6) |
 Yes | 78 (6.1) | 153 (11.9) | 4 (0.3) | 51 (4.0) | 3 (0.2) | 4 (0.3) |
Dyslipidemia | ||||||
 No | 206 (3.7) | 889 (16.0) | 31 (0.6) | 347 (6.2) | 4 (0.1) | 28 (0.5) |
 Yes | 144 (5.4) | 341 (12.7) | 13 (0.5) | 102 (3.8) | 5 (0.2) | 16 (0.6) |
Chronic kidney disease | ||||||
 No | 339 (4.2) | 1224 (15.0) | 44 (0.5) | 446 (5.5) | 9 (0.1) | 44 (0.5) |
 Yes | 11 (15.5) | 7 (9.9) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (4.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Chronic lung disease | ||||||
 No | 330 (4.1) | 1195 (15) | 40 (0.5) | 438 (5.5) | 8 (0.1) | 43 (0.5) |
 Yes | 20 (7.5) | 36 (13.6) | 4 (1.5) | 11 (4.1) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) |
Coronary artery disease | ||||||
 No | 258 (3.5) | 1103 (14.8) | 39 (0.5) | 433 (5.8) | 8 (0.1) | 34 (0.5) |
 Yes | 92 (12.0) | 128 (16.7) | 5 (0.7) | 16 (2.1) | 1 (0.1) | 10 (1.3) |