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Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants at baseline and the latest follow-up, by sex

From: Sex differences in impact of cumulative systolic blood pressure from childhood to adulthood on albuminuria in midlife: a 30-year prospective cohort study

Characteristics

ALL

Male

Female

P value

No. of subjects

1683

978

705

 

Childhood (Baseline in 1987)

Age (years)

12.0 (9.0–14.0)

12.0 (9.0–14.0)

12.0 (9.0–14.0)

0.814

Height (cm)

139.0 (125.0-151.5)

138.2 (124.6–153.0)

140.7 (125.0-150.5)

0.436

Weight (kg)

31.0 (23.3–41.9)

30.5 (23.4–41.9)

32.5 (23.1–41.9)

0.725

BMI (kg/m2)

16.17 (14.88–18.12)

16.1 (15.0-17.9)

16.3 (14.7–18.5)

0.290

SBP (mmHg)

104.0 (97.3-111.3)

103.3 (96.7–112.0)

104.7 (98.0-110.7)

0.569

DBP (mmHg)

64.7 (60.0-71.3)

64.0 (59.3–71.3)

66.0 (60.0-71.3)

0.029

Adulthood (Latest follow-up in 2017)

Age (years)

44.0 (41.0–46.0)

44.0 (41.0–46.0)

44.0 (41.0–46.0)

0.503

Current smoking (n, %)

768 (45.6%)

742 (75.0%)

26 (3.7%)

< 0.001

Alcohol consumption (n, %)

509 (30.2%)

465 (47.5%)

44 (6.2%)

< 0.001

Exercise (n, %)

465 (27.6%)

223 (22.8%)

242 (34.3%)

< 0.001

Hypertension (n, %)

203 (12.1%)

153 (15.6%)

50 (7.1%)

< 0.001

Diabetes mellitus (n, %)

55 (3.3%)

38 (3.9%)

17 (2.4%)

0.093

Hyperlipidaemia (n, %)

172 (10.2%)

126 (12.9%)

46 (6.5%)

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

23.9 (21.9-26.41)

24.5 (22.4–36.5)

23.1 (21.5–25.2)

< 0.001

Waist (cm)

84.7 (78.2–91.7)

88.1 (81.6–94.0)

80.7 (75.6–86.9)

< 0.001

Hips (cm)

92.1 (88.8–95.6)

92.6 (89.4–96.2)

91.4 (88.2–95.2)

< 0.001

SBP (mmHg)

121.7 (112.7-131.7)

125.0 (117.0-134.3)

116.3 (108.3-126.3)

< 0.001

DBP (mmHg)

76.3 (69.3–84.3)

79.3 (72.7–86.7)

72.3 (65.7–80.0)

< 0.001

GLU (mmol/L)

4.58 (4.3–4.9)

4.60 (4.3–5.9)

4.50 (4.3–4.8)

0.003

ALT (U/L)

19.0 (14.0–28.0)

24.0 (17.0–34.0)

15.0 (11.0–19.0)

< 0.001

AST (U/L)

16.0 (13.0–21.0)

18.0 (14.0–23.0)

14.0 (12.0–18.0)

< 0.001

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.5 (4.0–5.0)

4.5 (4.1–5.1)

4.5 (4.0–5.0)

0.006

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.4 (1.0–2.0)

1.5 (1.1–2.2)

1.2 (0.9–1.7)

< 0.001

LDL (mmol/L)

2.5 (2.1–2.9)

2.6 (2.2-3.0)

2.4 (2.1–2.8)

< 0.001

HDL (mmol/L)

1.1 (1.0-1.3)

1.1 (0.9–1.2)

1.2 (1.1–1.4)

< 0.001

SUA (µmol /L)

283.5 (228.0-338.9)

323.5 (280.7-367.3)

226.6 (197.1-268.9)

< 0.001

Serum creatinine (µmol/L)

76.5 (67.6–86.6)

83.7 (75.9–91.3)

67.6 (60.8–74.0)

< 0.001

Urine creatinine (µmol/L)

7885.0 (4480.0-13023.0)

9309.0 (5570.0-14681.5)

6078.0 (3447.0-10594.5)

< 0.001

eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2)

96.3 (86.4-109.5)

95.2 (85.7-107.9)

98.1 (87.5–112.0)

0.001

mALB (mg/L)

8.0 (4.2–14.2)

8.9 (4.8–15.5)

6.5 (3.6–12.8)

< 0.001

uACR (mg/g)

8.8(5.7–15.5)

8.0(5.4–14.0)

10.2(6.4–17.7)

< 0.001

SBP total AUC (mmHg)

118.8 (111.2-127.2)

122.5 (114.7-130.2)

114.2 (106.9–121.0)

< 0.001

SBP incremental AUC (mmHg)

14.2 (7.9–23.2)

18.5 (9.9–26.1)

7.9 (1.1–16.6)

< 0.001

DBP total AUC (mmHg)

75.8 (70.1–81.4)

77.8 (71.8–83.2)

72.7 (68.3–78.5)

< 0.001

DBP incremental AUC (mmHg)

10.7 (4.0-17.9)

13.7 (6.2–20.6)

7.5 (1.8–14.0)

< 0.001

  1. Continuous variables were shown as mean ± SD if normally distributed or median (quartile 1, quartile 3) if non-normally distributed. Categorical variables were expressed as numbers and percentages of subjects. The Mann–Whitney test was used for non-normally distributed continuous variables. Differences between groups of categorical variables were compared with chi-squared tests. BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; GLU, fasting plasma blood glucose; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate-aminotransferase; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; SUA, serum uric acid; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; mALB, Urine albumin; uACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; AUC, area under the curve
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