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Table 3 CVD incidence rates and adjusted hazard ratios in relationship to free sugars above vs. below defined thresholdsa

From: Associations of free sugars from solid and liquid sources with cardiovascular disease: a retrospective cohort analysis

 

CVD events, N

Person-years of follow-up

CVD incidence rate

(events/1000 person-years)

Unadjusted HR

(95% CI)

Adjusted HR

(95% CI)b including only free sugars and non-sugar carbohydrates among dietary co-variates

Adjusted HR

(95% CI)c with broader group of dietary co-variates

Solid Sources Of Free Sugars And Cvd Across 5 TE% Threshold

 Men, 55 to 75 years

  < 5 TE%

166

9,309

17.8

1.13

(0.91 – 1.41)

1.23

(1.02 – 1.55)

1.34

(1.05 – 1.70)

  ≥ 5 TE%

158

7,884

20.0

 Women, 55 to 75 years

  < 5 TE%

141

13,534

10.4

1.16

(0.92 – 1.46)

1.08

(0.84 – 1.37)

1.10

(0.85 – 1.43)

  ≥ 5 TE%

151

12,571

12.0

 Men and women, 55 to 75 yearsd

  < 5 TE%

307

22,843

13.4

1.13

(0.97 – 1.32)

1.14

(1.01 – 1.35)

1.21

(1.02 – 1.44)

  ≥ 5 TE%

309

20,455

15.1

 Men, 35 to 55 years

  < 5 TE%

95

17,318

5.49

0.95

(0.69 – 1.32)

0.88

(0.62 – 1.23)

0.90

(0.63 – 1.28)

  ≥ 5 TE%

59

11,426

5.16

 Women, 35 to 55 years

 

  < 5 TE%

32

17,696

1.81

1.52

(0.95 – 2.41)

1.55

(0.93 – 2.5)

1.54

(0.90 – 2.62)

  ≥ 5 TE%

40

14,589

2.74

Liquid Sources Of Free Sugars And CVD Across 5 TE% Threshold

 Men, 55 to 75 years

 

  < 5 TE%

198

11,094

17.9

1.15

(0.92 – 1.44)

1.06

(0.83 – 1.35)

1.13

(0.87 – 1.47)

  ≥ 5 TE%

126

6,102

20.7

 Women, 55 to 75 years

 

  < 5 TE%

188

17,436

10.8

1.12

(0.88 – 1.42)

1.10

(0.84 – 1.42)

1.09

(0.82 – 1.45)

  ≥ 5 TE%

104

8,696

12.0

 Men and women, 55 to 75 yearsd

  < 5 TE%

386

28,530

13.5

1.15

(0.98 – 1.36)

1.07

(0.90 – 1.28)

1.12

(0.92 – 1.35)

  ≥ 5 TE%

230

14,798

15.5

 Men, 35 to 55 years

 

  < 5 TE%

88

15,581

5.65

0.88

(0.64 – 1.22)

0.99

(0.70 – 1.40)

0.90

(0.62 – 1.31)

  ≥ 5 TE%

65

13,183

4.93

 Women, 35 to 55 years

 

  < 5 TE%

39

20,482

1.90

1.47

(0.92 – 2.33)

1.55

(0.92 – 2.62)

1.26

(0.71 – 2.24)

  ≥ 5 TE%

33

11,815

2.79

Total Free Sugars And CVD Across 10 TE% Threshold

 Men, 55 to 75 years

  < 10 TE%

169

9380

18.0

1.10

(0.88 – 1.37)

1.08

(0.86 – 1.36)

1.18

(0.91 – 1.53)

  ≥ 10 TE%

155

7816

19.8

 Women, 55 to 75 years

  < 10 TE%

160

15,137

10.6

1.15

(0.91 – 1.44)

1.19

(0.93 – 1.53)

1.24

(0.93 – 1.67)

  ≥ 10 TE%

132

11,009

12.0

 Men and women, 55 to 75 yearsd

  < 10 TE%

329

24,517

13.4

1.14

(0.97 – 1.34)

1.11

(0.94 – 1.32)

1.20

(0.99 – 1.45)

  ≥ 10 TE%

287

18,825

15.2

 Men, 35 to 55 years

  < 10 TE%

85

14,755

5.76

0.87

(0.63 – 1.19)

0.96

(0.68 – 1.34)

0.89

(0.62 – 1.31)

  ≥ 10 TE%

69

14,017

4.92

 Women, 35 to 55 years

  < 10 TE%

30

17,755

1.69

1.71

(1.07 – 2.73)

1.76

(1.05 – 2.97)

1.43

(0.79 – 2.58)

  ≥ 10 TE%

42

14,556

2.89

  1. TE% Percent total energy intake on 24-h recall, N Number, CVD cardiovascular disease
  2. aFree sugars from solid sources and from liquid sources are separately examined above and below a 5 TE% while total free sugars are examined across a 10 TE%, the recommended upper limit for added sugars in several recommendations. The 5 TE% threshold was selected for solid and liquid sources as these sources are roughly equally represented in intakes. Combined men and women models are additionally adjusted for sex. Overall, there was under 5% missingness across all variables entered the regression models; those with missing data were excluded from our regression models
  3. bThe model was adjusted for normal/overweight/obesity status, age, ethnicity, immigrant status, food insecurity, urban/rural residence, physical activity, educational level, smoking status, self-assessment of food intake compared to usual, non-sugar carbohydates, daily fruit juice intake, having 5 or more servings of fruit and vegetables, and co-morbid conditions
  4. cThis model is adjusted for all the co-variates indicated for the first adjusted model and also includes saturated fats, monounsaturated fats, polyunsaturated fats, protein, sodium, potassium, fibre or total energy intake
  5. dMen and women 55 years and older were also considered together in a combined analysis given that both groups had point estimates suggesting increased risk across the thresholds examined
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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