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Table 1 Baseline characteristics, separated by sex and age group

From: Associations of free sugars from solid and liquid sources with cardiovascular disease: a retrospective cohort analysis

 

55 to 75 years

35 to 55 years

Baseline characteristicsa

Men

N = 1554

Women

N = 2177

Men

N = 2236

Women

N = 2455

Overweight, number (%)b

735 (48.9)

790 (37.9)

939 (43.3)

748 (32.1)

Obesity, number (%)b

385 (25.6)

609 (29.2)

626 (28.9)

655 (28.1)

BMIa, kg/m2, mean (SD)b

27.8 (4.6)

28.0 (6.0)

28.1 (5.1)

27.7 (6.6)

Age, years, mean (SD)

63.8 (6.3)

64.2 (6.3)

45.0 (5.6)

45.2 (5.7)

Europid, number (%)

1462 (94.1)

2049 (94.2)

2000 (89.5)

2177 (88.7)

Immigrant, number (%)

281 (18.1)

349 (16.1)

251 (11.3)

280 (11.4)

Food insecure, number (%)

48 (3.1)

92 (4.2)

167 (7.5)

252 (10.3)

Rural residence, number (%)

463 (29.8)

576 (26.5)

613 (27.4)

617 (25.1)

Post-secondary education, number (%)

822 (52.9)

1053 (48.4)

1418 (63.4)

1580 (64.4)

Current smoker, number (%)

351 (22.6)

386 (17.7)

785 (35.1)

756 (30.8)

Active, number (%)

736 (47.4)

969 (44.5)

964 (43.1)

1031 (42.0)

Total energy intake kcal, mean (SD)

2194.3 (913.4)

1638.1 (665.0)

2446.2 (1073.3)

1749.4 (763.2)

Amount of food intake reported in last 24-h compared to usual intake, number (%)

Much more:

84 (5.4)

Much more:

166 (7.6)

Much more:

138 (6.2)

Much more:

210 (8.6)

Typical:

1277 (82.3)

Typical:

1713 (78.8)

Typical:

1704 (76.3)

Typical:

1765 (72.0)

Much less:

191 (12.3)

Much less:

296 (13.6)

Much less:

391 (17.5)

Much less:

477 (19.5)

Free Sugar Intakes: % of total energy, mean (SD)

 Overall free sugars

10.4 (7.6)

10.3 (7.9)

11.5 (9.3)

11.1 (9.0)

 Free sugars in solids

5.6 (4.7)

5.7 (4.8)

5.0 (4.7)

5.7 (5.5)

 Free sugars in liquids

4.7 (6.3)

4.6 (6.3)

6.6 (8.1)

5.4 (7.4)

 Non-sugar carbohydrates

27.4 (8.5)

28.0 (9.2)

27.1 (9.1)

27.4 (9.8)

Fats and Proteins: % of total energy, mean (SD)

 Saturated fats

10.4 (4.4)

10.0 (4.3)

10.4 (4.1)

10.2 (4.4)

 Monounsaturated fats

12.9 (4.6)

12.3 (4.7)

13.0 (4.6)

12.7 (4.8)

 Polyunsaturated fats

5.7 (2.7)

5.8 (2.8)

5.6 (2.6)

5.7 (2.8)

 Protein

16.8 (5.9)

16.8 (5.8)

16.9 (6.6)

16.6 (6.2)

Other, mean (SD)

 Sodium, g

4.2 (2.6)

3.2 (1.9)

4.5 (2.9)

3.4 (2.1)

 Potassium, g

4.4 (2.4)

3.6 (2.0)

4.4 (2.5)

3.6 (2.0)

 Fibre, g

24.2 (16.4)

20.9 (13.8)

22.7 (15.3)

19.5 (13.2)

 Daily fruit juice, number (%)

660 (42.5)

986 (45.3)

909 (40.7)

897 (36.5)

 ≥ 5 servings of fruit and vegetables daily, number (%)

423 (27.3)

812 (37.5)

473 (21.2)

756 (30.9)

Co-morbid conditions

 Hypertension

403 (25.9)

706 (32.4)

218 (9.75)

234 (9.53)

 Intestinal/stomach ulcers

39 (2.51)

78 (3.58)

53 (2.37)

82 (3.34)

 Cancer

66 (4.25)

62 (2.85)

17 (0.76)

34 (1.38)

 Bowel Disorders

32 (2.06)

101 (4.64)

36 (1.61)

118 (4.81)

  1. The mean intake of free sugars ranged between 10.3 and 11.5 TE% (SD 7.6 to 9.3; Table 1). Free sugars from solid sources averaged 5 to 5.7 TE% while corresponding values from liquid sources were 4.6 to 6.6 TE%. Across each demographic group, more than 70% of participants reported that the 24-h recall reflected their typical daily consumption
  2. BMI Body mass index, SD Standard deviation
  3. aMen and women with missing data for covariates other than overweight/obesity (i.e. Europid, immigrant, post–secondary education, etc.) were collectively unavailable for < 1% of the study cohort (data not shown)
  4. bBMI computation was based on directly measured anthropometric data in 61% of men 55 to 75 years, 67.5% of women 55 to 75 years, 59% of men 35 to 55 years, and 63% of women 35 to 55 years. BMI data was missing for 3.2% of men 55 to 75 years, 4.3% of women 55 to 75 years, 3% of men 35 to 55 years, and 5.2% of women 35 to 55 years; these individuals were excluded from the regression models. For the remainder, BMI was computed using self–reported data. Overall, there was under 5% missingness across all variables
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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