How public health insurance expansion affects healthcare utilizations in middle and low-income households: an observational study from national cross-section surveys in Vietnam

Table 5 Average effects of the law change on the middle- and the low-income groups

Outcome	Middle-income	Low-income
	ATT \({\widehat{\tau }}^{DR.RC}\)	ATT \({\widehat{\tau }}^{DR.RC}\)
*Full sample:*
PHI enrollment	0.09^c (0.02)	0.08^a (0.047)
Number of visits for PHI-eligible services	0.43^b (0.18)	0.53 (0.51)
OOP for PHI-eligible services^€	-0.01 (0.07)	-0.28 (0.21)
Total health expense^€	0.06 (0.12)	0.06 (0.36)
No. of observations	57,395	19,819
*Subsample 1: only PHI beneficiaries*
Number of visits for PHI-eligible services	0.59^b (0.21)	0.92^b (0.47)
OOP for PHI-eligible services	0.003 (0.09)	-0.28 (0.33)
Total health expense	0.02 (0.15)	-0.01 (0.5)
No. of observations	37,743	15,617
*Subsample 2: only people having at least a visits for PHI-eligible services*
OOP for PHI-eligible services	-0.08 (0.18)	-0.83 (0.66)
Total health expense	0.03 (0.23)	-0.49 (0.68)
No. of observations	17,460	5,279
*Subsample 3: only SHI beneficiaries with at least a visit for PHI-eligible services*
OOP for PHI-eligible services	-0.03 (0.23)	-0.73 (0.84)
Total health expense	-0.10 (0.28)	-0.57 (0.81)
No. of observations	12,616	4,253

^€: OOP for PHI-eligible services and total health expense are in the natural logarithm of monetary payment
^{a, b, c} referred to 10%, 5%, 1% significance levels. Standard errors are in parentheses

ISSN: 1471-2458