Table 4 The mechanisms of factors associated with total health expense in each household group

Maternity

6.25 (0.37)^c

5.89 (0.45)^c

5.49 (0.15)^c

5.57 (0.15)^c

4.61 (0.26)^c

4.29 (0.33)^c

Illness

3.56 (0.14)^c

3.58 (0.15)^c

3.87 (0.05)^c

3.85 (0.05)^c

3.52 (0.10)^c

2.97 (0.15)^c

Age group (reference: Age 0—19)

 Age 20—39

0.001 (0.25)

0.23 (0.27)

0.46 (0.07)^c

0.43 (0.08)^c

0.69 (0.13)^c

0.57 (0.15)^c

 Age 40—59

1.64 (0.29)^c

1.87 (0.30)^c

1.90 (0.09)^c

1.73 (0.09)^c

1.66 (0.15)^c

1.75 (0.18)^c

 Age 60 + 

1.99 (0.32)^c

2.14 (0.31)^c

1.79 (0.09)^c

1.64 (0.10)^c

1.69 (0.15)^c

1.82 (0.20)^c

Female

-0.65 (0.14)^c

-0.50 (0.15)^c

-0.83 (0.04)^c

-0.82 (0.04)^c

-0.79 (0.07)^c

-0.72 (0.09)^c

Minor ethnicity

-0.65 (0.40)

-0.41 (0.26)

-0.14 (0.06)^b

-0.12 (0.07)

-0.24 (0.07)^c

-0.49 (0.11)^c

Married

0.34 (0.18)^a

0.23 (0.20)

0.42 (0.06)^c

0.47 (0.07)^c

0.2 (0.13)

0.02 (0.18)

Employment status (reference: Being-employed)

 Self-employed

-0.01 (0.16)

-0.16 (0.17)

-0.04 (0.06)

0.12 (0.06)^b

-0.20 (0.10)^c

0.01 (0.14)

 Not employed

-0.06 (0.21)

-0.14 (0.25)

-0.08 (0.07)

0.14 (0.08)^a

-0.53 (0.13)^c

-0.53 (0.19)^c

Education of the household head (reference: primary school or lower)

 Secondary or high school

0.19 (0.17)

0.03 (0.15)

0.12 (0.04)^c

0.22 (0.04)^c

0.19 (0.07)^c

0.18 (0.11)

 College or higher

0.26 (0.22)

0.43 (0.19)^b

0.23 (0.10)^b

0.28 (0.09)^c

0.24 (0.34)

1.62 (0.81)^b

Household income (in ln)

0.55 (0.21)^c

0.28 (0.18)

0.17 (0.05)^c

0.27 (0.06)^c

0.25 (0.13)^a

-0.14 (0.09)

Household size

-0.29 (0.04)^c

-0.21 (0.05)^c

-0.16 (0.01)^c

-0.11 (0.02)^c

-0.11 (0.02)^c

-0.10 (0.03)^c

Rural residence

-0.51 (0.15)^c

-0.32 (0.15)^b

-0.02 (0.05)

-0.09 (0.05)

0.12 (0.13)

0.38 (0.18)^b

constant

3.06 (0.36)^c

2.47 (0.36)^c

1.80 (0.10)^c

1.48 (0.11)^c

1.80 (0.20)^c

1.62 (0.26)^c

Adjusted R²

0.39

0.38

0.45

0.42

0.44

0.38

Obs

2,814

2,546

24,932

27,103

8,321

6,138