Table 3 The mechanisms of factors associated with number of PHI-eligible visits and out-of-pocket payment in each household group

Illness

4.24 (0.20)^c

4.43 (0.25)^c

4.23 (0.07)^c

4.27 (0.07)^c

4.56 (0.12)^c

4.54 (0.15)^c

6.48 (0.13)^c

6.47 (0.11)^c

5.97 (0.04)^c

5.95 (0.04)^c

5.34 (0.09)^c

4.83 (0.11)^c

Age group (reference: Age 0—19)

 Age 20—39

0.89 (0.26)^c

0.3 (0.19)

0.35 (0.07)^c

0.54 (0.07)^c

0.35 (0.13)^c

0.46 (0.14)^c

0.32 (0.11)^c

0.41 (0.12)^c

0.42 (0.05)^c

0.50 (0.05)^c

0.07 (0.10)

0.13 (0.11)

 Age 40—59

-0.46 (0.35)

0.37 (0.17)^b

0.03 (0.07)

0.26 (0.07)^c

0.12 (0.12)

0.49 (0.13)^c

-0.11 (0.18)

0.27 (0.14)^a

0.18 (0.05)^c

0.22 (0.05)^c

-0.1 (0.10)

-0.02 (0.12)

 Age 60 + 

0.2 (0.23)

0.57 (0.14)^c

0.35 (0.07)^c

0.48 (0.05)^c

0.26 (0.10)^c

0.43 (0.12)^c

0.01 (0.17)

0.44 (0.16)^c

0.23 (0.05)^c

0.26 (0.05)^c

-0.01 (0.09)

0.23 (0.11)^b

Female

0.74 (0.17)^c

0.31 (0.09)^c

0.32 (0.04)^c

0.32 (0.03)^c

0.29 (0.06)^c

0.14 (0.06)^b

0.22 (0.08)^c

0.11 (0.07)

0.21 (0.02)^c

0.19 (0.02)^c

0.17 (0.04)^c

0.06 (0.05)

Minor ethnicity

-0.41 (0.19)^b

-0.25 (0.21)

-0.09 (0.09)

-0.04 (0.08)

-0.38 (0.08)^c

-0.39 (0.08)^c

-0.38 (0.28)

-0.08 (0.18)

-0.13 (0.05)^b

-0.08 (0.05)

-0.17 (0.05)^c

-0.26 (0.08)^c

Married

0.83 (0.27)^c

0.29 (0.13)^b

0.35 (0.05)^c

0.28 (0.05)^c

0.21 (0.10)^b

0.13 (0.09)

0.50 (0.15)^c

0.25 (0.11)^b

0.29 (0.04)^c

0.26 (0.04)^c

0.37 (0.09)^c

0.42 (0.11)^c

Employment status (reference: Being-employed)

 Self-employed

-0.06 (0.25)

-0.16 (0.13)

-0.03 (0.05)

0.02 (0.05)

-0.16 (0.10)

-0.13 (0.12)

0.03 (0.13)

-0.05 (0.09)

0.07 (0.03)^b

0.05 (0.03)

0.18 (0.06)^c

0.11 (0.08)

 Not employed

-0.01 (0.22)

0.30 (0.16)^a

0.19 (0.07)^c

0.30 (0.06)^c

0.12 (0.11)

0.21 (0.13)

0.28 (0.13)^b

0.34 (0.12)^c

0.22 (0.05)^c

0.31 (0.05)^c

0.09 (0.10)

0.15 (0.11)

Education of the household head (reference: primary school or lower)

 Secondary or high school

-0.04 (0.15)

-0.27 (0.11)^b

-0.12 (0.04)^c

-0.14 (0.04)^c

-0.14 (0.08)^a

-0.20 (0.09)^b

0.17 (0.10)

-0.04 (0.10)

0.12 (0.02)^c

0.08 (0.03)^c

0.1 (0.06)

0.11 (0.08)

 College or higher

0.04 (0.18)

-0.44 (0.13)^c

-0.09 (0.08)

-0.13 (0.07)^a

-0.16 (0.14)

-0.39 (0.14)^c

-0.13 (0.12)

-0.12 (0.12)

0.05 (0.06)

-0.05 (0.05)

-0.04 (0.16)

1.92 (1.09)

Household income (in ln)

0.57 (0.24)^b

0.14 (0.22)

-0.06 (0.06)

-0.04 (0.04)

0.19 (0.11)

0.06 (0.05)

0.18 (0.11)

0.14 (0.11)

0.09 (0.03)^c

0.15 (0.03)^c

0.37 (0.09)^c

0.07 (0.06)

Household size

-0.04 (0.06)

0.05 (0.03)

0.02 (0.01)^b

0.02 (0.01)^b

0.02 (0.02)

0.02 (0.02)

0.02 (0.04)

0.03 (0.03)

-0.01 (0.01)

0.01 (0.01)

0.04 (0.01)^c

0.05 (0.02)^c

Rural residence

-0.02 (0.16)

-0.06 (0.11)

-0.07 (0.05)

-0.05 (0.04)

0.004 (0.10)

0.03 (0.11)

-0.12 (0.10)

0.04 (0.08)

0.08 (0.03)^b

0.06 (0.03)^b

0.17 (0.08)^b

0.2 (0.13)

constant

-3.39 (0.32)^c

-3.82 (0.32)^c

-3.46 (0.11)^c

-3.68 (0.10)^c

-3.73 (0.19)^c

-3.79 (0.22)^c

-0.47 (0.19)^b

-0.52 (0.15)^c

-0.52 (0.06)^c

-0.58 (0.06)^c

-0.55 (0.55)^c

-0.59 (0.16)^c

R^{2 ($)}

0.27

0.36

0.33

0.33

0.38

0.37

0.78

0.82

0.79

0.77

0.73

0.66

Obs

2,814

2,546

24,932

27,103

8,321

6,138

2,814

2,546

24,932

27,103

8,321

6,138