Table 1 Characteristics of households in the pre and post-PHI amendment periods (the VHLSS housing weights and Primary Sampling Units clusters were applied)

Age 0 -19, % (s.e.)

17.5 (0.8)

17.1 (0.9)

26.5 (0.3)

26.2 (0.3)

32.9 (0.7)

32.7 (0.8)

Age 20—39, % (s.e.)

30.2 (1.1)

28.3 (1.3)

27.6 (0.3)

25.4 (0.3)

24.6 (0.6)

23.5 (0.7)

Age 40—59, % (s.e.)

39.3 (1.2)

39.0 (1.4)

30.3 (0.4)

30.7 (0.4)

20.9 (0.7)

20.9 (0.8)

Age 60 + , % (s.e.)

13 (1.1)

15.6 (1.2)

15.6 (0.4)

17.7 (0.4)

21.6 (1.1)

23 (1.3)

Female, % (s.e.)

51.7 (0.9)

50.2 (1.0)

51.9 (0.3)

52.1 (0.3)

54.1 (0.7)

55 (0.8)

Ethnic minority, %

4.0 (0.7)

6.0 (1.0)

8.3 (0.4)

9.8 (0.4)

39.8 (1.5)

48.6 (1.7)

Married, % (s.e.)

57.9 (1.2)

58.1 (1.3)

52.4 (0.4)

52 (0.4)

45.8 (0.9)

45.2 (1.0)

Employment status

 Being-employed, % (s.e.)

37.1 (1.4)

35.5 (1.6)

31.1 (0.4)

30.4 (0.4)

18.7 (0.6)

17.4 (0.7)

 Self-employed, % (s.e.)

28.7 (1.4)

31.8 (1.4)

30.6 (0.4)

30.7 (0.4)

39.2 (1.0)

40.7 (1.1)

 Not employed, % (s.e.)

34.2 (1.2)

32.6 (1.2)

38.3 (0.4)

38.9 (0.4)

42.1 (0.9)

41.9 (0.9)

Income/person/month (logarithm), mean (s.e.)

8.8 (0.01)

9.0 (0.01)

7.7 (0.01)

7.8 (0.01)

6.48 (0.01)

6.53 (0.02)

Education of head of household

 Primary school/lower, % (s.e.)

21.6 (1.5)

22.3 (1.8)

43.8 (0.7)

44.9 (0.7)

73.6 (1.2)

74 (1.3)

 Secondary/high school, % (s.e.)

46.7 (2.0)

47.5 (2.1)

50.3 (0.7)

48.2 (0.7)

26.3 (1.2)

25.8 (1.3)

 College or higher, % (s.e.)

31.7 (1.9)

30.2 (2.0)

5.9 (0.3)

6.9 (0.4)

0.1 (0.1)

0.3 (0.1)

Rural residence, % (s.e.)

34.9 (1.8)

35.1 (2.0)

68.9 (0.5)

68.5 (0.4)

87.1 (0.9)

88.9 (0.9)

Household size, mean (s.e.)

3.3 (0.06)

3.3 (0.06)

3.8 (0.02)

3.8 (0.02)

4.0 (0.05)

4.0 (0.07)