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Table 2 Result of the SAC Model Taking Prevalence as the Dependent Variable (Model 2)

From: Natural land cover positively correlates with COVID-19 health outcomes

 

Direct Impacts

Indirect Impacts

Total Impacts

Open Water (%)

-0.231923***

0.068225***

-0.163698***

(0.072038)

(0.022512)

(0.050807)

Developed Open Space (%)

-0.172223

0.050663

-0.12156

(0.360558)

(0.107107)

(0.254136)

Low Intensity Developed Area (%)

0.480323

-0.141298

0.339026

(0.383814)

(0.113723)

(0.271906)

Medium Intensity Developed Area (%)

-1.931861***

0.5683***

-1.363562***

(0.590928)

(0.180937)

(0.422798)

High Intensity Developed Area (%)

0.8496

-0.249929

0.599672

(0.696589)

(0.206108)

(0.493748)

Deciduous Forest (%)

-0.139624**

0.041074**

-0.098551**

(0.066787)

(0.0202)

(0.047203)

Evergreen Forest (%)

-0.080339

0.023634

-0.056706

(0.084448)

(0.024909)

(0.059795)

Mixed Forest (%)

-0.394239***

0.115974***

-0.278265***

(0.133787)

(0.041794)

(0.094123)

Shrub (%)

-0.110582

0.03253

-0.078052

(0.087635)

(0.026256)

(0.061774)

Grassland (%)

-0.03096

0.009108

-0.021853

(0.073891)

(0.021978)

(0.05206)

Woody Wetlands (%)

-0.025476

0.007494

-0.017982

(0.122301)

(0.0362)

(0.086342)

Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands (%)

0.485201**

-0.142733**

0.342469**

(0.224188)

(0.066288)

(0.160146)

Gathering Restrictions (days)

-0.000967

0.000285

-0.000683

(0.010591)

(0.003107)

(0.007506)

Transport Closing (days)

0.017704***

-0.005208***

0.012496***

(0.005734)

(0.001755)

(0.004088)

Staying Home (days)

-0.127064***

0.037379***

-0.089685***

(0.019363)

(0.00683)

(0.013912)

Internal MoRe (days)

0.157108

-0.046217

0.110891

(0.190666)

(0.056357)

(0.134936)

International MoRe (days)

0.052411

-0.015418

0.036993

(0.188339)

(0.055714)

(0.133019)

Population 15–44 (%)

-1.532032***

0.450681***

-1.081351***

(0.282925)

(0.092565)

(0.20586)

Population 45–64 (%)

-1.875023***

0.551579***

-1.323444***

(0.356314)

(0.117443)

(0.257433)

Population >  = 65 (%)

-2.350508***

0.691454***

-1.659054***

(0.27225)

(0.099596)

(0.207722)

Black People (%)

-0.463024***

0.136209***

-0.326815***

(0.080368)

(0.027638)

(0.057384)

Hispanic People (%)

0.198655*

-0.058439*

0.140216*

(0.103038)

(0.030637)

(0.073239)

Male (%)

3.143065***

-0.924602***

2.218463***

(0.259911)

(0.112796)

(0.206971)

Unemployment Rate

0.541061

-0.159165

0.381896

(0.559721)

(0.165544)

(0.396054)

Median Household Income (logarithm)

-31.956257***

9.400638***

-22.555619***

(6.330123)

(2.037901)

(4.587318)

Poverty Rate (%)

-0.422528*

0.124296*

-0.298232*

(0.229069)

(0.068364)

(0.162612)

Adults Without High School Diploma (%)

0.128418

-0.037777

0.090641

(0.14871)

(0.044178)

(0.105023)

Poor Health Rate (%)

0.416833

-0.122621

0.294212

(0.506967)

(0.150881)

(0.357505)

Poor Physical Health (days)

2.526838

-0.743325

1.783513

(3.594016)

(1.060744)

(2.542089)

Poor Mental Health (days)

-2.528876

0.743925

-1.784952

(3.319548)

(0.981407)

(2.34709)

Adult Smoking Rate (%)

0.119984

-0.035296

0.084688

(0.402139)

(0.118423)

(0.284535)

Obesity Rate (%)

0.363426**

-0.10691**

0.256516**

(0.180932)

(0.054371)

(0.128235)

Physical Inactivity Rate (%)

0.559892***

-0.164705***

0.395188***

(0.180067)

(0.055336)

(0.128256)

Having Access To Exercise Opportunities (%)

0.254658***

-0.074913***

0.179745***

(0.025743)

(0.010531)

(0.019218)

Hospital Beds (bed/1000)

0.514691***

-0.151408***

0.363284***

(0.103005)

(0.033162)

(0.074523)

Average Temperature In Summer

4.442997***

-1.307006***

3.135992***

(0.774849)

(0.28612)

(0.528971)

Average Temperature In Winter

-0.593354

0.174548

-0.418806

(0.485631)

(0.144772)

(0.343102)

Average Relative Humidity In Summer

0.510341**

-0.150128**

0.360213**

(0.230012)

(0.069217)

(0.163197)

Average Relative Humidity In Winter

-0.350458

0.103095

-0.247363

(0.294551)

(0.087423)

(0.208419)

PM2.5

1.657234

-0.487512

1.169722

(1.05481)

(0.316816)

(0.744562)

Spatially lagged dependence coefficient (ρ)

-0.38423***

Log likelihood

-14,416.31

Spatially error dependence coefficient (λ)

0.76938***

AIC

28,921

Number of observations

3103

R2

0.5990

  1. Note: the standard errors of the estimated parameters are list in the parentheses
  2. ***: p < 0.01; **:p < 0.05; *:p < 0.1