From: Natural land cover positively correlates with COVID-19 health outcomes
Direct Impacts | Indirect Impacts | Total Impacts | |
---|---|---|---|
Open Water (%) | -0.231923*** | 0.068225*** | -0.163698*** |
(0.072038) | (0.022512) | (0.050807) | |
Developed Open Space (%) | -0.172223 | 0.050663 | -0.12156 |
(0.360558) | (0.107107) | (0.254136) | |
Low Intensity Developed Area (%) | 0.480323 | -0.141298 | 0.339026 |
(0.383814) | (0.113723) | (0.271906) | |
Medium Intensity Developed Area (%) | -1.931861*** | 0.5683*** | -1.363562*** |
(0.590928) | (0.180937) | (0.422798) | |
High Intensity Developed Area (%) | 0.8496 | -0.249929 | 0.599672 |
(0.696589) | (0.206108) | (0.493748) | |
Deciduous Forest (%) | -0.139624** | 0.041074** | -0.098551** |
(0.066787) | (0.0202) | (0.047203) | |
Evergreen Forest (%) | -0.080339 | 0.023634 | -0.056706 |
(0.084448) | (0.024909) | (0.059795) | |
Mixed Forest (%) | -0.394239*** | 0.115974*** | -0.278265*** |
(0.133787) | (0.041794) | (0.094123) | |
Shrub (%) | -0.110582 | 0.03253 | -0.078052 |
(0.087635) | (0.026256) | (0.061774) | |
Grassland (%) | -0.03096 | 0.009108 | -0.021853 |
(0.073891) | (0.021978) | (0.05206) | |
Woody Wetlands (%) | -0.025476 | 0.007494 | -0.017982 |
(0.122301) | (0.0362) | (0.086342) | |
Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands (%) | 0.485201** | -0.142733** | 0.342469** |
(0.224188) | (0.066288) | (0.160146) | |
Gathering Restrictions (days) | -0.000967 | 0.000285 | -0.000683 |
(0.010591) | (0.003107) | (0.007506) | |
Transport Closing (days) | 0.017704*** | -0.005208*** | 0.012496*** |
(0.005734) | (0.001755) | (0.004088) | |
Staying Home (days) | -0.127064*** | 0.037379*** | -0.089685*** |
(0.019363) | (0.00683) | (0.013912) | |
Internal MoRe (days) | 0.157108 | -0.046217 | 0.110891 |
(0.190666) | (0.056357) | (0.134936) | |
International MoRe (days) | 0.052411 | -0.015418 | 0.036993 |
(0.188339) | (0.055714) | (0.133019) | |
Population 15–44 (%) | -1.532032*** | 0.450681*** | -1.081351*** |
(0.282925) | (0.092565) | (0.20586) | |
Population 45–64 (%) | -1.875023*** | 0.551579*** | -1.323444*** |
(0.356314) | (0.117443) | (0.257433) | |
Population > = 65 (%) | -2.350508*** | 0.691454*** | -1.659054*** |
(0.27225) | (0.099596) | (0.207722) | |
Black People (%) | -0.463024*** | 0.136209*** | -0.326815*** |
(0.080368) | (0.027638) | (0.057384) | |
Hispanic People (%) | 0.198655* | -0.058439* | 0.140216* |
(0.103038) | (0.030637) | (0.073239) | |
Male (%) | 3.143065*** | -0.924602*** | 2.218463*** |
(0.259911) | (0.112796) | (0.206971) | |
Unemployment Rate | 0.541061 | -0.159165 | 0.381896 |
(0.559721) | (0.165544) | (0.396054) | |
Median Household Income (logarithm) | -31.956257*** | 9.400638*** | -22.555619*** |
(6.330123) | (2.037901) | (4.587318) | |
Poverty Rate (%) | -0.422528* | 0.124296* | -0.298232* |
(0.229069) | (0.068364) | (0.162612) | |
Adults Without High School Diploma (%) | 0.128418 | -0.037777 | 0.090641 |
(0.14871) | (0.044178) | (0.105023) | |
Poor Health Rate (%) | 0.416833 | -0.122621 | 0.294212 |
(0.506967) | (0.150881) | (0.357505) | |
Poor Physical Health (days) | 2.526838 | -0.743325 | 1.783513 |
(3.594016) | (1.060744) | (2.542089) | |
Poor Mental Health (days) | -2.528876 | 0.743925 | -1.784952 |
(3.319548) | (0.981407) | (2.34709) | |
Adult Smoking Rate (%) | 0.119984 | -0.035296 | 0.084688 |
(0.402139) | (0.118423) | (0.284535) | |
Obesity Rate (%) | 0.363426** | -0.10691** | 0.256516** |
(0.180932) | (0.054371) | (0.128235) | |
Physical Inactivity Rate (%) | 0.559892*** | -0.164705*** | 0.395188*** |
(0.180067) | (0.055336) | (0.128256) | |
Having Access To Exercise Opportunities (%) | 0.254658*** | -0.074913*** | 0.179745*** |
(0.025743) | (0.010531) | (0.019218) | |
Hospital Beds (bed/1000) | 0.514691*** | -0.151408*** | 0.363284*** |
(0.103005) | (0.033162) | (0.074523) | |
Average Temperature In Summer | 4.442997*** | -1.307006*** | 3.135992*** |
(0.774849) | (0.28612) | (0.528971) | |
Average Temperature In Winter | -0.593354 | 0.174548 | -0.418806 |
(0.485631) | (0.144772) | (0.343102) | |
Average Relative Humidity In Summer | 0.510341** | -0.150128** | 0.360213** |
(0.230012) | (0.069217) | (0.163197) | |
Average Relative Humidity In Winter | -0.350458 | 0.103095 | -0.247363 |
(0.294551) | (0.087423) | (0.208419) | |
PM2.5 | 1.657234 | -0.487512 | 1.169722 |
(1.05481) | (0.316816) | (0.744562) | |
Spatially lagged dependence coefficient (ρ) | -0.38423*** | Log likelihood | -14,416.31 |
Spatially error dependence coefficient (λ) | 0.76938*** | AIC | 28,921 |
Number of observations | 3103 | R2 | 0.5990 |