Table 1 Result of the SAC Model Taking Mortality as the Dependent Variable (Model 1)
From: Natural land cover positively correlates with COVID-19 health outcomes
Direct Impacts | Indirect Impacts | Total Impacts | |
|---|---|---|---|
Open Water (%) | -0.005646** | 0.001527** | -0.004119** |
(0.002608) | (0.000749) | (0.001891) | |
Developed Open Space (%) | 0.027805** | -0.007519** | 0.020286** |
(0.013005) | (0.003622) | (0.00955) | |
Low Intensity Developed Area (%) | -0.011578 | 0.003131 | -0.008447 |
(0.014244) | (0.003925) | (0.010375) | |
Medium Intensity Developed Area (%) | -0.019557 | 0.005289 | -0.014268 |
(0.022297) | (0.006103) | (0.016285) | |
High Intensity Developed Area (%) | 0.037524 | -0.010147 | 0.027377 |
(0.026059) | (0.007163) | (0.019078) | |
Deciduous Forest (%) | -0.008322*** | 0.00225*** | -0.006071*** |
(0.002366) | (0.000702) | (0.001731) | |
Evergreen Forest (%) | -0.005833** | 0.001577** | -0.004256** |
(0.002968) | (0.000819) | (0.00218) | |
Mixed Forest (%) | -0.00109 | 0.000295 | -0.000795 |
(0.004576) | (0.001245) | (0.003342) | |
Shrub (%) | 0.002565 | -0.000694 | 0.001871 |
(0.002802) | (0.000764) | (0.00205) | |
Grassland (%) | 0.00028 | -7.6e-05 | 0.000205 |
(0.002454) | (0.000665) | (0.001795) | |
Woody Wetlands (%) | 0.000195 | -5.3e-05 | 0.000142 |
(0.004057) | (0.001101) | (0.002966) | |
Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands (%) | -0.012675 | 0.003428 | -0.009247 |
(0.007617) | (0.002109) | (0.005571) | |
Prevalence (cap/1000) | 0.013011*** | -0.003519*** | 0.009493*** |
(0.000635) | (0.000428) | (0.000589) | |
Gathering Restrictions (days) | -0.000167 | 4.5e-05 | -0.000122 |
(0.000348) | (9.6e-05) | (0.000254) | |
Transport Closing (days) | -0.000712*** | 0.000193*** | -0.00052*** |
(0.000193) | (5.8e-05) | (0.000141) | |
Staying Home (days) | -0.002503*** | 0.000677*** | -0.001826*** |
(0.000677) | (0.000207) | (0.000491) | |
Internal MoRe (days) | -0.00295 | 0.000798 | -0.002152 |
(0.006905) | (0.001871) | (0.005053) | |
International MoRe (days) | 0.008052 | -0.002178 | 0.005875 |
(0.006843) | (0.001864) | (0.005017) | |
Population 15–44 (%) | -0.049464*** | 0.013376*** | -0.036088*** |
(0.010133) | (0.003108) | (0.007561) | |
Population 45–64 (%) | -0.004694 | 0.001269 | -0.003425 |
(0.013275) | (0.003608) | (0.009702) | |
Population > = 65 (%) | 0.005111 | -0.001382 | 0.003729 |
(0.009735) | (0.002657) | (0.0071) | |
Black People (%) | -0.004495 | 0.001216 | -0.003279 |
(0.002839) | (0.000796) | (0.002063) | |
Hispanic People (%) | -0.016814*** | 0.004547*** | -0.012267*** |
(0.003767) | (0.001187) | (0.002739) | |
Male (%) | -0.036678*** | 0.009919*** | -0.02676*** |
(0.010031) | (0.002966) | (0.007377) | |
Unemployment Rate | 0.04301** | -0.011631** | 0.031379** |
(0.020824) | (0.005788) | (0.015261) | |
Median Household Income (logarithm) | -1.401255*** | 0.378932*** | -1.022323*** |
(0.213768) | (0.073119) | (0.159606) | |
Poverty Rate (%) | 0.012989 | -0.003512 | 0.009476 |
(0.00787) | (0.002165) | (0.005765) | |
Adults Without High School Diploma (%) | 0.019924*** | -0.005388*** | 0.014536*** |
(0.005513) | (0.001581) | (0.004098) | |
Poor Health Rate (%) | 0.063922*** | -0.017286*** | 0.046636*** |
(0.017658) | (0.00532) | (0.012865) | |
Poor Physical Health (days) | -0.184678 | 0.049941 | -0.134737 |
(0.13012) | (0.035925) | (0.095069) | |
Poor Mental Health (days) | -0.230416* | 0.06231* | -0.168106* |
(0.115121) | (0.032536) | (0.083802) | |
Adult Smoking Rate (%) | -0.039115*** | 0.010577*** | -0.028537*** |
(0.014334) | (0.00408) | (0.010518) | |
Obesity Rate (%) | -0.006043 | 0.001634 | -0.004409 |
(0.006535) | (0.001789) | (0.004774) | |
Physical Inactivity Rate (%) | 0.008252 | -0.002231 | 0.00602 |
(0.006747) | (0.001842) | (0.004942) | |
Having Access To Exercise Opportunities (%) | -0.000961 | 0.00026 | -0.000701 |
(0.000967) | (0.000265) | (0.000706) | |
Hospital Beds (bed/1000) | 0.004987 | -0.001349 | 0.003638 |
(0.003772) | (0.001033) | (0.002762) | |
Average Temperature In Summer | 0.090952*** | -0.024596*** | 0.066357*** |
(0.025327) | (0.007782) | (0.018243) | |
Average Temperature In Winter | 0.029361* | -0.00794* | 0.021421** |
(0.015092) | (0.004276) | (0.010973) | |
Average Relative Humidity In Summer | 0.019894*** | -0.00538** | 0.014514*** |
(0.007288) | (0.002139) | (0.005277) | |
Average Relative Humidity In Winter | -0.010229 | 0.002766 | -0.007463 |
(0.009529) | (0.002606) | (0.006965) | |
PM2.5 | -0.056104* | 0.015172* | -0.040932* |
(0.03291) | (0.009117) | (0.024096) | |
Spatially lagged dependence coefficient (ρ) | -0.34506*** | Log likelihood | -4093.374 |
Spatially error dependence coefficient (λ) | 0.68623*** | AIC | 8276.7 |
Number of observations | 3103 | R2 | 0.5984 |